A Critique of O. P. Dwivedis Satyagraha for Conservation: Awakening the Spirit of Hinduism :: Environment Environmental Papers

A Critique of O. P. Dwivedis Satyagraha for Conservation Awakening the smelling of Hindiism In his article Satyagraha for Conservation Awakening the Spiritof Hinduism, O. P. Dwivedi argues that we must reawaken religious valuesif the world is going to reduce the current level of environmentaldegradation. He suggests that religious beliefs can action as a crucialfoundation in helping to create a self-consciously moral society whichwould put conservation and respect for Gods creation first, and handindividualism, materialism, and our modern desire to dominate nature in asubordinate place. Dwivedi further argues that religion helps to make benevolents aware of the limits of our control. He uses the example of Hindureligious beliefs to explain how reawakening religious beliefs mightcreate a change in attitudes toward nature. Although I agree with Dwivediscontention that religious values can serve to support environmentalmovements, I would argue that his article presents an overly sim plisticview of the power of religion. Dwivedi fails to address the constantlychanging nature of religious traditions. In addition, he does not addressthe fact that India (a predominantly Hindu country) is severely pollutedtoday. I felt that Dwivedis argument was weakened by his failure to embracewith these issues. As a result, I would like to explore some of the gapsin Dwivedis article. I will also deal briefly with Guhas article and theneed for a reawakening of religious values to be accompanied by asimultaneous change in social and economic realities. According to Dwivedi, the Hindu religion is genius of many religioustraditions which support ecological preservation and respect for theEarth. He argues that many of Hinduisms basic tenets reflect the idea that kinds are meant to care for their environment. Although I do not disagreethat this is one interpretation of the Hindu texts, I would suggest thatHinduism (like many religions) can also be presented as encouraging humancontro l over the earth. Yes, many of the texts do support non-violence andcare for the earth but on that point are also some passages/texts which supportviolence and human control over the earth (examples include TheBhagavad-Gita and passages with the RgVeda). Overall, I would say thatDwivedis argument for the ecological consciousness of Hinduism is the moreaccurate interpretation of the texts. However, it is crucial to recognizethat there are alternative and opposing interpretations.In his article,Dwivedi writes as if incorporating religious values into the secular worldwill necessarily support environmental preservation. Although it is affirmable that this could happen, it is also possible that religions couldbe used to argue the other side of the issue.

An Analysis of the Poem A Prayer for My Daughter by William Butler Yeat

A Prayer for My Daughter is a poem written by William Butler Yeats in 1919. This poem is a prayer-like poem. And it generally tells closely the poets ideas about his daughter who is sleeping at the same time while the poem is being told. Throughout the poem Yeats reflects how he wants his daughters future to be. This essay give canvass the poem in three sections 1- What does this poem mean?, 2- The poetic devices, imagery, rhyming, figures of speech, used in the poem and mood, diction, language, and the structure of the poem, 3- An essay in a feminist block of view titled What does the poet want his daughter to become? .1-WHAT DOES THIS POEM MEAN?The poet is watching his infant daughter sleep. In the first stanza he starts with describing the setting of the poem. It is surging outside, there is a kind of dark and sadnessy weather and he prays for her. And he says that he has gloom in his mind and we leave alone understand that what gloom is that in his mind. In the second st anza the poet describes the things while he was praying for his daughter. He walks for an hour and nonices the sea-wind scream upon the tower, under the arches of the bridge, in the elms above the flooded stream. They plausibly represent the dreaming of the human beings and they are decisive. They are all about the present things and they block people from thinking about the future events. The last quaternion lines of the second stanza clearly explain this idea Imagining in excited reverieThat the future years had come,Dancing to a frenzied drum,Out of the murderous innocence of the sea.In the third stanza he prays for her beauty, but not too much. He considers the beauty as a decisive element for choosing the right person to ma... ... move of the ideal woman he has in his mind or its opposites. He supports that a woman should be a flourishing hidden tree, who is not well-known but beautiful. She shouldnt be anything but merry. Innocence is beautiful in women, thats why if his daughter keeps her innocence inside and do not abuse it, she pull up stakes not be affected by the wind. He thinks that too much beauty distorts women, and causes them to destroy the gifts that are given by Horn of Plenty thereof he wants his daughter to use the gifts wisely and properly. And he wants his daughter to learn the fact that hearts are earned, and the men, who are deceived by just beauty, will notice their mistake later. He wants her daughter not to have strong opinions like hatred, because he thinks that hatred is the worst thing in the world. He hopes she will marry, and her house will be full of customs.

Illusion in Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

What does Williams say about illusions and how are they important/dangerous to us?     Tennessee Williams protagonist, Blanche Dubois, is a woman struggling to escape the faults of her past and promise a new life for herself. Her many mistakes have turned her life upside down and created a host of problems for her to deal with. To help her deal with the original direness of her existence, Blanche often creates fantasies and delusions to make her life seem more stable than it actu eithery is. Although Blanches ultimate mental deterioration is partially due to her adherence to her delusions, it seems it is in any case these fantasies that help Blanche cope with her desperate situations. It is in this way that Williams presents illusions as something that can be important in our lives. Sometimes experiences in life are besides traumatic or emotionally consuming to deal with outright. By tricking ourselves into thinking that the situation is better or different, we find ourselves more ready to live with any(prenominal) problem that effects us.      However, as is the case with Blanche, illusions can potentially be destructive to our psyches as well. Hiding behind delusions to avoid our problems can make them all the more cataclysmal when we are forced to return to reality and face them. Throughout A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche subdues the demons of her past by deceiving herself and those around her into thinking that they enduret exist. This method of coping with her problems makes them even more disastrous when she is finally forced to face them. As an added blow to Blanches mental stability, her spirit is undone by her savage rape at the hands of her brother-in-law,

The Writings of J.D. Salinger Essay example -- J.D. Salinger Essays

The Writings of J.D. SalingerJerome David Salinger, known as J.D., is an American short story writer and novelist. He was innate(p) on January 1, 1919 and is still alive at the age of 81. J.D. Salinger was born and raised in Manhattan. He went to prep school at Valley Forge troops Academy from 1934-1936. He spent 5 months in Europe when he was 18 or 19 years old. Then, in 1937 and 1938 he studied at Ursinus College and New York University. From 1939 to 1942, he went to Columbia University where he decided to become a writer. Salinger published short story collections and one novel. His best known work, The Catcher in the Rye, was published in 1951. The short stories he wrote were Nine Stories in 1953, Franny and Zooey in 1961, Raise High the Roofbeams, Carpenters and Seymour An Introduction in 1963, Young Folk in 1940 and A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Many critics have considered J.D. Salinger a very(prenominal) controversial writer because of the subject matters he wrote a bout. For example Salinger wrote about religion, intellectuals, emotional struggles of adolescents, devastation and symbolism (Jones).Some critics feel his writing was inappropriate because of the topics he wrote about. The main characters were considered misfits of society. The characters generally did not fit in with traditional American culture. They could not congeal to the real world. However, Salingers most successful stories are the ones about people who could not adjust. The super-intelligent humans who had to choose between the American culture at that time and the object lesson world, or choose between the phony real world and the morally pure world. Salinger creates these misfits, as heroes who do not fit into society. They struggle between t... ...up. He went against society to show how wrong he thought it was. He has made the reader see what was wrong during this time period in a very different and controversial way (Hamilton 32).Works CitedBuddhism Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (1986 ed.), 4, 432-433.Foskett, S. Bananafish - Characters - FAQ. Concentric Network. 6 February 2000. French, Warren. J.D. Salinger. New York Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1963.Green, Becky S. Biographical Sketch. Pennsylvania University. 7 February 2000. www.pen.eiu.edu/covgi/biograph.htmHamilton, Ian. In look to of J.D. Salinger. New York Random House Inc, 1988.Jones, Bonsey. Biographical Notes J.D. Salinger. FringeWare, Inc. 7 February 2000. www.fringware.com/subcolt/J_D_Salinger.htmlZen Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (1986 ed.), 28, 146

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert Essay

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert browning.Ulysses was written by Lord Tennyson and is a poem closely a mythicalGreek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is adramatic monologue is My Last Duchess, by Robert Browning. Bothpoems ar similar, for example they are both structured similarly, andare both different, one difference being their subject. In this essayI will compare the ii poems, focusing on form, and how language helpsto build up subject matter.Ulysses is a Greek mythical character, and was famous for being apirate, ransacking villages and being a warrior. In Greek literature,Ulysses just seemed to disappear after he got home, and Tennysondecided to write about Ulysses and his thoughts after retiring fromfighting. The poem is written in verse, and seems to be either adramatic monologue or monologue interior. It is hard to know whichone, as a dramatic monologue must have a listener (other than theaudience. Ulysses is talking to someone, his dead soldiers, but asthey are deceased it is difficult to decide if they count as alistener to the poem.My Last Duchess by Robert Browning was written in the same era asUlysses and is written in Verse. This poem is different to Ulyssesas this poem is about a fancied character which is created byBrowning. This is a Dramatic Monologue, as the duke (the charactercreated by Browning) is talking to the servant of the father of apossible bride. To create the effect of speech, Browning uses IambicPentameter, which helps to imitate the rhythm of conversationalspeech, and enjambment frequently.The use of language to present the subject matter is important forboth poets. I... ...isdispleasure from his wife and why, intimately acting as a warning to hisnext wife. So a poem about the Last Duchess is actually a poem aboutthe Dukes likes and dislikes, which again helps to subtly build upthe self centred nature of the character without revealing too muchand loosing the readers i nterest.Both poems are similar and different in many different ways. The mostobvious similarity to both poems is their form, but if we look deeperinto the poem we see that their content and their characters are verysimilar. However, some differences hushed remain in the poem. The mainsubject matter for both poems is death, but the two poems havedifferent feelings towards death. For the Duke, it is somethingordered and controlled by him, but for Ulysses, even though he hasencountered death within his life so much he cannot accept that hewill die.

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert Essay

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by RobertBrowning.Ulysses was scripted by Lord Tennyson and is a poetry about(predicate) a mythicalGreek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is adramatic monologue is My Last Duchess, by Robert Browning. Bothpoems are sympathetic, for example they are both structured similarly, andare both different, one difference being their subject. In this essayI bequeath compare the two poems, focusing on form, and how language helpsto build up subject matter.Ulysses is a Greek mythical character, and was famous for being apirate, ransacking villages and being a warrior. In Greek literature,Ulysses just seemed to disappear after he got home, and Tennysondecided to write about Ulysses and his thoughts after retiring fromfighting. The poem is written in verse, and seems to be either adramatic monologue or monologue interior. It is hard to know whichone, as a dramatic monologue moldiness have a meeter (other than thea udience. Ulysses is talking to someone, his dead soldiers, barely asthey are deceased it is difficult to decide if they count as alistener to the poem.My Last Duchess by Robert Browning was written in the same era asUlysses and is written in Verse. This poem is different to Ulyssesas this poem is about a fictional character which is workd byBrowning. This is a Dramatic Monologue, as the duke (the charactercreated by Browning) is talking to the servant of the father of apossible bride. To create the effect of speech, Browning uses IambicPentameter, which helps to imitate the rhythm of conversationalspeech, and enjambment frequently.The use of language to present the subject matter is important forboth poets. I... ...is displeasure from his wife and why, almost acting as a warning to hisnext wife. So a poem about the Last Duchess is actually a poem aboutthe Dukes likes and dislikes, which again helps to subtly build upthe self centred nature of the character without revealing too m uchand loosing the readers interest.Both poems are similar and different in many different ways. The mostobvious similarity to both poems is their form, but if we look deeperinto the poem we see that their content and their characters are realsimilar. However, some differences still remain in the poem. The mainsubject matter for both poems is death, but the two poems havedifferent feelings towards death. For the Duke, it is somethingordered and controlled by him, but for Ulysses, even though he hasencountered death within his life so much he cannot accept that hewill die.

Management Influences on Turnover Intention of Software Developers Essay

IntroductionThe Information engine room (IT) Age has bring forthd many opportunities for meshing in the IT and IT services industry. IT professionals atomic number 18 in demand solely over the world. Organizations intercontinental invest m one(a)y that go non only into salaries but for further training of IT professionals they hire.However, around the world, the demand, supply, selection, recruitment and particularly retention of IT professionals has threatened governing bodys that loving occasion, manage or deal in IT or IT services for the past few years (Par and Tremblay 2000 Ermel and Bohl 1997 Morello 1998 Guptill et al. 1999). This is why the departure of an IT professional from a company usu every(prenominal)y comes with disgraceful substances to the judicature. When an IT professional reverses, the organization suffers loss of business impact knowledge and acquired technical expertnesss (Dor 2004).Since late 1996, the disturbance rate for IT professionals ha s jumped from 15% to 20% annually, with only 8 of 10 IT positions being filled with qualified candidates (McNee et al. 1998). With the annual dollar volume rate estimated at 20% or more (Alexander 1999 Kosseff 1999), line-hopping of IT professionals has been one of the biggest problems among managers and human resources (HR) experts (Par and Tremblay 2000).IT professionals seem to bugger off a tendency to change their short letters faster than other employees when they feel dissatisfied with their stream employer (Hacker 2003). The estimated greet of replacing IT professionals range from 1.5 to 2.5 times of their annual salaries for the companies they resigned from (Kosseff 1999). On the other hand, the cost of losing a qualified IT professional is actually 3 to 6 times more expensive than the cost of losing a manager (Kochanski and Ledford 2001).IT professionals, as similarly mentioned antecedently in this get, also tend to change frolics more quickly than other employees when they feel dissatisfied with in their current employment (Hacker 2003). However, rational forges of voluntary plaitover cannot be used to explain the high-pitched perturbation rates for IT professionals (Rouse 2001) since many IT professionals remain dissatisfied with their business organisations even though they enjoy high financial rewards soon enough their creativity and expertise do not receive high respect from their peers, supervisors and companies as a whole (Fisher 2000).Furthermore, another explanation why IT professionals may resign more quickly when dissatisfied with their current employment is that much of IT extend is project oriented, the technical employees loyalty may be more to the project, and not necessarily to the employer (Hacker, 2003, p. 15). These trends tail end intense pressure on both IT executives and HR managers. high IT professional dollar volume translates to a threat not only to an organizations IT department but to the business as a whole.Most importantly, high IT turnover poses a threat to the growth, competitive positioning and strength of the global economy (Par and Tremblay 2000). A dissertation by Dr. Timothy Lee Dor (2004) studied the relationships mingled with hypothesize characteristics, barter contentment and turnover endeavor among software developers. These dickens factors job characteristics and job satisfaction are deemed to play crucial roles in understanding turnover objective not only among software developers but IT professionals as a whole.The current study aims to investigate the circumspection influences on employee retention of IT professionals, focusing on job characteristics and job satisfaction, and their impact on turnover and retention. 1.1.1 arena and Limitations of the StudyThis question get out study the impact of job characteristics and job satisfaction on the turnover intention of IT professionals. Although this paper intends to replicate some of Dors findings, the s tudy bequeath not be limited to software developers only as this sector only constitutes a small sample of IT professionals as a whole.Specifically, the explore study impart focus on the turnover intention of IT professionals in___________. In studying the relationships among job characteristics, job satisfaction and turnover intention, this study is limited to the use of the following theoretical models and theories to support its conclusionsFor the questionion on job characteristics, the look study will make use of the lead Characteristics imitate developed by JR Hackman and GR Oldham (1975/1980) and the synopsis on stumper Employers by Minda Zetlin (2001).For the discussion on job satisfaction, as hale as motivation, the paper will use the Motivator-Hygiene Theory by F. Herzberg (1968/2003) and the Synergistic Model by T.M. Amabile (1997).For the discussion on turnover, the study will use the Voluntary derangement Model by R.M. Steers and R.T. Mowday (1987) the sage Turnover Model by P.D. Rouse (2001) the Instinctual or Unfolding Model of Turnover by T.W. Lee, T.R. Mitchell, L. Wise and S. Fireman (1996) and the Conceptual Model for Investigating Turnover in IT, developed by J.B. Thatcher, L.P. pacena and R.J. Boyle (2002-03)These models will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, as well as in Chapter 2 on Review of Related Literature.Chapter 2Review of Related LiteratureThis chapter will analyze the various literary productions which are related to this research paper. It will discuss the go aways of other analysts and researchers on theories/models that will be used to support this study, as well as pertinent literature on IT professionals turnover intentions. The chapter begins with a ordinary discussion on motivational theories, cutlure, and leadership which are all critical factors that advert an employees intent to leave. The discussion them dovetails into a more special pre displaceation of the textile used in the current study. This chapter will also include a definition of terms incorporated into the discussion of related literature.2.1 Relationships between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover objectIn 2004, Timothy Lee Dor submitted a dissertation titled The Relationships Between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover intention Among Software Developers. According to Dor, the factors leading to the turnover intention of software developers relieve oneself been poorly understood. His study was designed to further understand the relationships between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among software developers. His study involved the use of 326 web surveys that contained questions relating to job characteristics, job satisfaction, turnover intention and demographic information.The results of Dors study showed that some(prenominal) factors can influence turnover intention, most significantly, job characteristics that may be influenced by man agement, such as training, autonomy, feedback, number of developers, task significance, and skill variety (Dor 2004). In his study, Dor made use of two research questions and sixteen hypotheses to understand the job characteristics variables which contribute to the various dimensions of job satisfaction, and which of these job satisfaction dimensions, in turn, contribute to turnover intention.Dor made use of indirect heart and soul tests, to determine if certain job characteristics could be linked to turnover intention through the job satisfaction scales he departd. The results of his study indicated that ten of the indirect takes were statistically significant. All ten of the statistically significant indirect effects were associated with only trinity of the seven job satisfaction scales intragroup add motivation, general job satisfaction, and satisfaction with pay.The largest indirect effect, according to Dor, was the effect of autonomy on turnover intention through general job satisfaction higher levels of autonomy lead to lower levels of turnover intention by increasing general job satisfaction. The next largest indirect effect was the effect of organizational training on turnover intention through general job satisfaction organizational training decreased turnover intention through an increase in general job satisfaction. The next three highest indirect effects in Dors findings were also between a job characteristic (feedback, skill, variety, and number of developers) and turnover intention through general job satisfaction (Dor, 2004, p. 130).2.2 Measuring Turnover Intentions Among IT ProfessionalsGuy Par and Michel Tremblay, in contrast to Dors study, completed a research covering the turnover intention of not just software developers but IT professionals as a whole. Their study, The Measurement and Antecedents of Turnover Intentions among IT Professionals (2000), submitted to Cirano research center, aimed to present and test an integrated model o f turnover intentions that address the unique nature of the IT profession (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 3). The authors identified a multidimensional set of HR practices that will most likely increase retention among IT employees. They emphasized citizenship behaviors as well as two distinct eccentric persons of organizational perpetration as key antecedents of turnover intentions.The study involved the sending of questionnaires to 394 Quebec members of the Canadian Information Processing Society. The study addressed four research questions1) What are the essential HR practices necessary to create an effective plan for retaining IT professionals?2) What is the impact of compensation and negotiation conditions on the turnover intentions of IT personnel?3) What is the effect of employee demographic characteristics on the turnover intentions of IT personnel?4) Do organizational committedness and citizenship behaviors mediate the effects of HR practices, compensation and negotiation co nditions as well as demographic characteristics on the turnover intentions of IT personnel? (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 4)Par and Tremblay provide that IT employees who are highly committed to their organization are less likely to leave than those who are relatively uncommitted. They attach three distinct dimensions to organizational commitment emotive, continuance and normative commitment (Meyer and Allen 1997).1) Affective commitment gist an employees personal attachment and identification to the organization. This results in a strong belief in an acceptance of the organizations goals and values. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with the organization be work they want to do so (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)2) Continuance commitment is a tendency to engage in consistent lines of activity based on the individuals recognition of the costs associated with discontinuing the activity. Employees whose primary link to the organization is based on contin uance commitment remain because they need to do so. (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)3) Normative commitment provides that employees exhibit behaviors solely because they believe it is the right and moral occasion to do. Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization. (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)In their findings, Par and Tremblay provide that affective commitment and continuance commitment are negatively related to turnover intentions (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 6). In addition to these two distinct types of commitment affecting turnover intention, their studies also points to the factor they call organizational Citizenship way or OCB.OCB is considered as a key element in organizational effectiveness. OCB is defined as an employees willingness to go supra and beyond the prescribed roles which they have been assigned (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 6, quoting from Organ 1990). Based on Par and Tremblays findings, the stronger the citizenship behavior of an IT employee, the more likely they are to stay in their company. The IT professionals affective commitment, or attachment to his or her organization, also decreases turnover intention.2.3 Job Characteristics ModelHackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model, as earlier introduced in Chapter 1 of this research study, predicts what aspects of jobs ruminate the level of job enrichment for employees, and how these relate to employees individual differences and to the work outcomes required. The model includes five core job characteristics that can be applied to any job skill variety, task indistinguishability, task significance, task autonomy and feedback.Skill variety is defined as the number of different skills required in the job (Hackman and Oldham 1980 Pilon 1998).Task identity means the completeness of the tasks done in the job (Hackman and Oldham 1980 Pilon 1998).Task significance on the other hand is defined as the importance of the job to the ser ved population. (Mohamed 2004).Autonomy means the vertical expansion of responsibility, the amount of decision-making and independence allowed for employees. (Mohamed 2004).And movely, feedback means the extent that the job itself provides information about employees instruction execution (Huber 2000).These characteristics skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback are have into a single predictive index which is called the Motivating Potential Score (Hackman and Oldham 1980).Figure 1.Job Characteristics ModelSource A.H. Mohamed (2004) The five core job characteristics enumerated in the previous paragraph are in continuous interaction with individual differences that evoke three critical psychological states in an employee. These three states are 1) when the job is structured by skill variety, task identity and task significance this could lead employees to experience meaningfulness in their work. 2) The second state, task autonomy, which leads to feelings of responsibility for the outcomes of work. 3) The third and last state is feedback, which leads employees towards knowledge of the results of their work (Douthit 2000 Huber 2000). These three critical psychological states lead to a set of affective and personal outcomes high internal work motivation, high growth satisfaction, high general satisfaction, high work effectiveness, and low rate of absenteeism (Mohamed 2004 Donovan and Radosevich 1998). These affective and personal outcomes are the results of en employees job characteristics. They are defined as followsHigh internal work motivation this is the degree to which an employee is willing to work and to consider the organizational objectives as part of his or her own goals (Mohamed 2004).High growth satisfaction this is the achievement of the employee in overcoming challenges, succeeding and growing (Steers and Black 1994)High general satisfaction this the feeling derived from the overall satisfaction with the work itself. This type of satisfaction is reflected mainly in decreased rates of absenteeism among employees (Steers and Black 1994 Omachonu et al 1999).High work effectiveness this refers to both the quality and quantity aspects of work performance (Hackman and Oldham 1980).Low rate of absenteeism.The Job Characteristics Model, also includes three attributes that are identified as Moderators knowledge and skills, context job satisfaction, and employee growth-need strength. These attributes indicate which employee will respond positively to the Motivating Potential Score of their job and its outcomes (Hackman and Oldham 1980).An employees knowledge and skills are dependent on their educational qualifications which in turn will reflect their perceptions toward their work outcomes (Sabiston and Laschinger 1995). On the other hand, an employees perception of his or her context job satisfaction involves factors like pay, supervision, colleagues, and job security. All these affect the employ ees outcomes as well (Mohamed 2004). Lastly, growth-need strength is the degree in which an employee seeks opportunities in his or her job for self-direction, learning and personal accomplishment. These elements in turn affect the employees level of work internal motivation (Mohamed 2004).An example of a study which made effective use of Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model is the one conducted by A.H. Mohamed (2004) called Using the job characteristics model to compare patient care denomination methods of nurses for the Faculty of treat, University of Alexandria in Egypt. The population used were the nurses in the Alexandria Main University Hospital. Mohamed made use of a Job symptomatic Survey (also developed by Hackman and Oldham) to determine nurses perceptions towards the components of the Job Characteristics Model in relation to their performance in utilizing the case and functional methods of patient care assignment (Mohamed 2004).In his study, Mohamed concludes th at the jobs of intensive care unit nurses result in different expectations based also on the different categories of nurses, based on skills and challenges inherent in the work they perform (Mohamed 2004).Generally speaking thus, studies like Mohamed shows that an employees personal and affective outcomes are a result of the employees job characteristics.2.4 Model EmployersHowever, management also plays a crucial role in the retention and conversely turnover of IT professionals. Since IT professionals still enjoy a wide selection of employers to choose from, employers forever compete to attract the best IT professionals by becoming model employers. In her 2001 article for Computer sphere, called Model employers, Minda Zetlin outlines the strategies that make certain companies model employers.By compilation its eight annual list of 100 Best Places to cut back in IT, Computer World roughly sums up the model employers as offering not just top compensation, but also opportunities fo r rush growth, investment in training, diversity in the work place, work flexibility, and, ideally, a comfortable and fun place to spend their daytime hours (Zetlin 2001). Zetlin in her article outlines three common themes behind the success of these model IT employersIT is central to the best employers successAccording to Zetlin, excellence in IT is a top corporate strategy. Prioritizing IT should not be limited to companies that strictly provide IT or IT services. Companies such as Avon, for instance, which ranks 4th in Computer Worlds list of 100 best employers, may be perceived to operate on a relationship-based environment. Yet to process its more than 60 zillion custom orders every year, the company relies heavily on IT to process its complex supply chain. The fact that is it is actually a very transactional business, dependent on technology, makes IT one of its priorities (Zetlin 2001).Management takes an active interest in employers careers from the day they arriveThis inc ludes having phylogenesis plan for employees as soon as they join the organization. Employees meet with their managers on a periodic basis for a formal review to assess their development plan and to evaluate its progress. Orientation programs at the start of the employment are also part of this strategy. Apart from orientation, Harley-Davidson, Inc. (ranked as No. 11) also provides for a yearly self-assessment for its employees against the established competencies for their jobs, with their supervisors doing the same (Zetlin 2001). Such focus on career development per employee makes the employee feel that management takes an active interest in aligning its objectives with the employees personal goals.Model employers also provide for continuous interest on their employees careers throughout their employment with the company. Knowledge mentoring programs and career mentoring programs, used by the country Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. (ranked No. 13), for instance, allow emplo yees to learn more skills and career counselling from their more experience colleagues, and help management to identify employees to fill leaderships positions in the short and long term (Zetlin 2001). State Farms mentoring program is in fact so successful that it has extended the program to employees who havent even arrived yet such as assigning mentors to college students who plan to join State Farm after they graduate.There are no walls between business and ITUnlike other organizations, model employers ensure that IT people and business people work side by side. There is no division or competition. IT professionals are given a better understanding that what they do helps the business succeed. This understanding leads to career satisfaction for IT professionals. Technology people know exactly how they contribute to the revenues of their business and how important they are in the business plan. One advantage here is that a close relationship between IT and business allows people to switch between the two sphere of influences (Zetlin 2001). Another strategies such as cross-functional work teams gives career development not just to IT professionals but to business people in the organization as well. There are continuously different career tracks available. An IT professional may opt to advance by taking on management roles within technology, or they may shift to business management positions (Zetlin 2001).2.5 Voluntary Intention Model R.M. Steers and R.T. Mowday, in their study Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes (1981) analyzed turnover as rooted in voluntary intention. Steers and Mowday viewed the interaction of intention to leave, and alternative job opportunities (ease of movement) as direct antecedents to turnover (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001). As earlier discussed in Chapter 1 of this study, the direction of the process in Steers and Mowdays Voluntary Intention Model starts with Job Expectations, then Affective Responses, then Turnover Intention, then finally, Actual Turnover (see Section 1.2.1.1 of this paper). However, these four elements were actually grouped together by Steers and Mowday under three steps. As can be seen in the Figure 3Each step in Figure 3 contains two constructs. The second construct (Job Attitudes) of shout 1 becomes the first construct of Step 2. The second construct (Intent To Leave) of Step 2 becomes the first construct of Step 3.Step 1 of the Voluntary Intention Model involves the manner in which job expectations influence an employees attitudes regarding his or her job. Attitudes are composed of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement. Job expectations in turn are influenced by three stimuli.The first stimuli focuses on individual characteristics such as occupation, age, tenure, family concerns, and personality form (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001).The second stimuli involves information obtained during the recruitment process and at various a ssessments points throughout the employees career (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001).For instance, studies have shown that job expectation levels are often high when the employee first accepts a naked as a jaybird job (Porter and Steers 1973). At these particular periods, expectations are developed from both the employee and employers ends.In other words, a sort of unwritten social contract is deemed to be adopted by the two parties (Prouse 2001). Lastly, the third stimuli affecting job expectations are alternative job opportunities. Studies have shown that the more alternatives in that location are confronting an employee, then the more negative the employees attitudes becomes concerning his or her current job (Pfeffer and Lawler 1979).Step 2 in the Voluntary Intention Model involves the Affective Responses that are elicited from Step 1. These responses include the construct of job satisfaction, and how those responses influence the employees desire to leave the organization. Fa ctors that affect the employees decision to leave include non-work factors such as family, hobbies, worship and political influences (Cohen 1995).Steers and Mowday also identified the potential of employees to alter their actual job, in terms of pay, working hours, environment, etc., and thus change their attitudes regarding their jobs (Prouse 2001).Chapter 3MethodologyThe aim of the research is to examine the relationships between job characteristic, job satisfaction and turnover intention among IT professionals in ______________. The proposition is that job satisfaction and job characteristics as management influences have indirect impact to the levels of turnover intention among IT professionals. The literature review indicates that there are different factors affecting IT professionals turnover intention. This research is going to study the turnover intention of IT professionals in _____________.3.1 Research QuestionsThe study will answer the following two research questionsWhi ch job characteristic variable(s) causes the job satisfaction among IT professionals in ____________?What job satisfaction variable(s) cause the turnover intention among IT professionals in ____________? In answering these two primary questions, the thesis will make use of the following frameworkHypothesesResearch Question 1 Which job characteristic variable(s) causes the job satisfaction among IT professionals in _______________? The first research question will analyze the standardized effect of job characteristics to job satisfiers. The null hypotheses tried and true wereJob Characteristics Job SatisfactionsH1 The level of IT training does not affect the various measures of job satisfaction.H2 The level of user pass does not affect the various measures of job satisfaction. H3 The job-required skills do not affect the various measures of job satisfaction. H4 The level of task significance does not affect job satisfaction. H5 The amount of workload does not affect job satisfacti on. H6 The amount of feedback does not affect job satisfaction.Research Question 2 What job satisfaction variable(s) cause the turnover intention among IT professionals in ________________? The first research question will analyze the standardized effect of the job satisfaction scales to turnover intention. The null hypotheses tested were Job Satisfactions Turnover Intention H7 The level of internal work motivation does not affect turnover intention. H8 The level of job security satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H9 The level of social job satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H10 The level of job growth satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H11 The level of satisfaction with pay does not affect turnover intention. H12 The level of satisfaction with supervision does not affect turnover intention.Research Procedures 3.3.1 selective information Collection Research is a process of studying and analyzing situational factors of a specific problem or i ssue in order to determine solutions of it (Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran 2001). According to Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran (2001), there are three research paradigms positivist, interpretivist and critical research. As the research hypotheses of this study try to explore the relationships between job characteristic, job satisfaction and turnover intention among the IT professionals in __________________, the positivist approach will be adopted and it will provide the framework upon which the methodology of this study can be used. In this study, the research problem requires primary info to specifically address the twelve hypotheses. An Internet questionnaire will be used as it is the most effective and appropriate data collection method. Questionnaire is defined as a pre-formulated written set of questions to which respondents recorded their answers within closely defined alternatives (Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran, 2001). A well-designed questionnaire provides accurate and useable d ata for analysis in order to make a conclusion of accepting / rejecting a research hypothesis. A write of the questionnaire to be used is attached as appendix A of this study. After gathering the data from questionnaires, the analysis of the data (including frequency distribution, correlation analysis and regression analysis) will be performed by a vicenary data analysis tool called SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). SPSS predictive analytics advances in usability and data access, drawing reliable conclusions from the collected quantitative data (SPSS, Inc. 2002). In enlightenment quantitative analysis of the data will be undertaken. Frequency Distribution, Correlation synopsis, and Regression Analysis will be used to analyze the collected data. The population of this research is the _________ professionals in the country. The research is expected to have a 10% response rate (i.e. ____ questionnaires). A reminder e-mail will be sent to the students to ensure r for for each one oneing the planned response rate. Participants are not inconvenienced or exposed unnecessarily to potential harm by recruiting more than is required. The research conducted by Dor in 2004 (which this paper intends to compare itself to) only received 326 responses which is less than 0.1% of the population. An invitation email will be sent to the administration managers of the participating institutions. Then the manager will forward the invitation email to all qualified IT professionals and invite them to fill in the Internet anonymous questionnaire within 10 business days. A reminder email will be sent by the manager on the 6th business day. The invitation email only contains a consent form and a universal resource locator to the Internet anonymous questionnaire. Participation is entirely voluntary. The participant can withdraw at any time and there will be no detriment if the participant decides not to complete the survey. At no time will any individual be identi fied in any reports resulting from this study. A copy of the consent form is attached with this application.Variables The variables which will used in this study can be categorized into two categories job characteristics and job satisfaction. The factors within each category are discussed as follows The following job characteristics for IT professionals were selected for this study, based also on previous usage in similar studies as indicated in the literature reviewIT TrainingUser ContactJob-required SkillsTask SignificanceWorkloadFeedback On the other hand, the job satisfaction scales include the followingInternal Work MotivationJob Security SatisfactionSocial Job SatisfactionJob Growth SatisfactionSatisfaction with PaySatisfaction with Supervision information Analysis The study will make use of descriptive and inferential analysis were used throughout the study. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, standard deviations, frequencies, and item means) were computed using the S PSS (SPSS, Inc., 2002). This general analysis program will be used to characterize the sample in terms of demographic characteristics pertaining to gender, income, education, age, years as an IT professional, years in the current organization, and years in the current position. SPSS will likewise used to analyze the correlation among job characteristics, the correlation between job satisfaction scales, the correlation between job satisfaction and job characteristics, and the correlation between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. The primary inferential technique that will be used is bivariate correlation. SPSS will also be used to analyze the regression analysis for the data. A 0.01 level of significance was adopted for testing significance. The standardized effects of all the job characteristics for each job satisfier will also be computed. The same method will be used to analyze the standardized effect of all the job satisfaction scales to turnover int ention. From these standardized effect analyses, the prediction of turnover intention by job satisfaction scales will be computed. The job satisfaction scales which had a 0.60 level were considered significant to turnover intention. The reliability coefficients ranging between 0.60 and 0.70 are deemed adequate for research purposes (Aiken, 2000, p.88). For purposes of this study, the job satisfiers and job characteristics which have indirect effects of 0.60 above significance to turnover intention will be used. The standardized effect of the significant job characteristic will be multiplied to the standardized effect of the particular job satisfier. Each of the twelve hypotheses of this study will be tested in essentially six multiple regression analyses one for each job satisfier as the constant, independent variable and its relation to each dependent variable represented by the job characteristics. Otherwise stated, each job satisfier will represent a criterion variable and the s ix job characteristics will be considered predictors in each of the six regression analyses.ReferencesAlexander, S. M. (1999, November 1). The tricks for retaining talent. Crains Cleveland Business, T2-T3.Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40, 39-58.Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., and U. Sekaran. (2001). Applied Business Research Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd., Milton.Cohen, A. (1995). An examination of the relationships between work commitment and nonwork domains. Human Relations, 48, 239-263.Donovan, J.J., and D.J. Radosevich, (1998). The moderating role of goal commitment on the goal difficultyperformance relationship a meta-analytic review and critical re-analysis. journal of applied psychology, 1998, 8330815.Dor, Timothy Lee. (2004). The Relationships Between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention Among Software Developers. Graduate School of Argosy University-Orange County.Douthit, M.W., (2000). Job satisfaction returns to human and social capital. ledger of behavioral and applied management, 2000, 1(1)67.Fisher, A. (2000, December 18). Inspiring the burned-out computer programmer. Fortune, 334.Guptill, B. Stewart, B. Maroccio, L., Potter, K. and C. Claps (1999). 1998 IT Spending and Staffing Survey Results. Gartner Group Strategic Analysis Report, April 1st.Hacker, C.A. (2003, Spring). Turnover A profound profit killer. Information Systems Management, 14-18.Hackman JR, and GR Oldham, (1980). Work design. Reading, Massachusetts, AddisonWesley, 198011421.Herzberg, F. (1968). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland World.Herzberg, F. (2003, January). One more time How do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, 87-96.Kochanski, J., and G. Ledford. (2001). How to keep meRetaining technical professionals. Research Technology Management, 44(3), 31-38.Kosseff, J. (1999, September 6). Inf o-tech firms increase efforts to keep workers. Crains Detroit Business, p. 21.McNee, B. Morello T. Zidar, E. and C. Smith (1998). IT Staff Retention and Recruitment Addressing a Critical Problem for the IS Organization. Gartner Group Strategic Analysis Report, September 28.Meyer, J.P., and N.J. Allen, (1997). Commitment in the Workplace, Sage Publications.Mohamed, A.H. (2004, May) Using the job characteristics model to compare patient care assignment methods of nurses, Vol. 10, No. 3, May 2004, p. 389-405. Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.Morello, D.T. (1998). IT retention and recruitment What has a year brought? Gartner Group Monthly Research Review, September 01.Omachonu V.K., Swift, J.A., Ross, J.E., eds. Principles of total quality, 3rd ed. Florida, St. Lucie Press, 1999335.Organ D.W., (1990). The motivational Basis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior In B.M.Par, G. and Tremblay, M. (2000). The Measurement and Antecedents of Turnover Intentions among IT Professionals. Scientific Series. Ciprano. September 2000.Pfeffer, J., & Lawler, J. (1979). The effects of jb alternatives, extrinsic rewards, and commitment on satisfaction with the organization A field example of the insufficient justification paradigm . Berkeley University of California.Pilon BA. Outcomes and surprises of work redesigning how other leaders are coping with changes. Nursing Management, 1998, 29(8)445.Porter, L. W., and R.M. Steers. (1973). Organizational, work and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 151-176.Rouse, P. D. (2001). Voluntary turnover related to information technology professionals A review of rational and instinctual models. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 9, 281-290.Sabiston J.A., and H.K. Laschinger (1995). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived autonomy. Journal of nursing administration, 1995, 25(9)4250.SPSS, Inc. (2002). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 11.5) Computer software. Chicago, IL SPSS, Inc.Steers, R. M., and R.T. Mowday. (1981). Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes. In L. Cummings & B. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 235-281).Steers, R.M., and J.C. Black. Organizational behavior, 5th ed. New York, Harper Collins, 199495101.Thatcher, J.B., Stepna, L.P. and R.J. Boyle (2002-03). Turnover of information technology workers Examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19, 231-261.Zetlin, M. (2001, June 4). Model employers. Computerworld, 40-45.

Compare and contrast two psychological approaches Essay

My intention in this essay, is to comp are and contrast the following psychological approaches Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis, in doing this I will unpack the profound points of these two approaches, highlighting the differences and pardoning them.The first approach I will look at is Psychoanalysis the most famous psychologist linked to this is Sigmund Freud an Austrian psychologist who first proposed his Psychodynamic approach. These perspectives states, that at that turn out are three main sections to the human psyche. The first is the ID this is the natural drive, which seeks gratification always, the second is the EGO this is our personal set of values developed as tiddlerren, and in conclusion the SUPEREGO a set of learned values, taken from society and our parents rules and values. in addition he believed that as children we all go through five stages oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency. If the child is either beneath or over gratified in any adept of the stag es then they will have problems in adulthood.An new(prenominal) element of Freuds theories was his studies of dreams Freud believed that dreams acted as a form of fantasy, a defence mechanism against the unacceptable urges of the id. Fantasy allows the individual to act out events in the imagination, which can satiate the urges of the id, which are repressed. Freud theorized that dreams were a subconscious mind mind manifestation of these repressed urges, and that they served mainly to satisfy versed and aggressive tendenciesThe opposite surmise I will refer to is Behaviourism this is an approach, which states that all psychology mustiness be directly measurable and recordable, if it is to be regarded as scientific. In his 1924 book Behaviourism, Watson made the notorious claim that, given a dozen healthy infants he could determine the adult personalities of each one, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors. Whilemak ing such a claim seems ridiculous today, at the time Watson was reacting to emerging Freudian psychoanalyticalal theories of development, which numerous people found threatening. Watsons scheme rejected the entire hidden, unconscious, and suppressed longings that Freudians attributed to behaviours and posited that humans respond to punishments and rewards. Behaviour that creates positive responses is reinforced and continued, musical composition behaviour that creates negative responses is eliminated.After both of these psychologists came other expanding on their theories, psychologists like Pavlov and Skinner expanded Watsons theories and Psychologists like Jung and Adler expanded Freuds.An important component of legion(predicate) psychological theories in the late nineteenth century, including psychoanalysis was introspection, the study of the mind by analysis of ones own thought processes. It was in reaction to this trend that behaviourism arose, claiming that the causes of b ehaviour were not founded in the mind, but rather that they were the results of conditioning and responses to stimulation. Behavioural theorists emphasize that behaviour is a result of a process of learning from observing. What actions pay off and what works. This theory simplifies human behaviour by neglecting the many other influences on us, many of which are vital to the psychoanalytic theory. In direct conflict psychoanalysis uses introspection as the basis for all theory stating that behaviour is ca utilise by childhood experiences, to quote Freud the boy is come to the man.Another difference is found when you look at research methods. Psychoanalysis is based around introspection and as such has very small-scale research, due to the fact that the theory has very little testable data, it can neither truly be proved nor disproved. Behaviourism tested and researched ideas before they were published, all of the research was directly observable and and testable, this was due to the basic aim of behaviourism, which is to produce analysable and scientific results.The research done by the approaches differ as a great deal as who they are studying behaviourism focuses all of its attentions upon animals and how theirbehaviour equates to human behaviour. The reasons for this focus of experimentation was stated by theories being made on the evolution of creatures scientists such as Charles Darwin were stating that all life found on earth descended from basic organisms, due to this behaviourists of the period believed that any reaction from a animal could be observed in humans as all creatures evolve from one another.The techniques used for Freuds research, were based around introspectional research into members of the public, the problem however was that Freud lived in a place where the only willing volunteers for research were Jewish housewives, as such Freuds research can be critised as it focused mainly on one (extend)As time has gone by both of these theorie s have get critism from various sources, and their views have been expanded and changed by psychologists who came after them.Since Freud first described his psychodynamic theory, Freud and his psychoanalytic theory have faced intense criticism. His most famous critic is Jung, a former college. Jung started to disagree with Freud in 1913 over many of the key of replications to the theory, including amongst other points, Freuds emphasis on childrens sexuality and its importance in early development. Jung had a contrastive view of the construction of human personality, for instance, and had different ideas intimately how dreams should be interpreted and viewed as part of psychoanalysis, dreams of course being very important to the study of Psychoanalysis they were seen as to quote Freud a window to the subconscious.Alfred Adler, another college of Freud, also disagreed with the masters view of childhood sexuality, instead he believed that infants and children are driven mainly by a need for acceptance and acclaim rather than sexual gratification. In modern times, Freud has been the target of criticism from many corners. Feminists especially criticize his understanding of hysteria and his theory of Oedipal conflict, they deny that a child would think and seek to act in this government agency.Basically the main criticisms of Freuds theory are that it is based too much in studying sexual urges and the need for gratification. Also many people believe that Freud had no real proof for his theories and they were too much based around introspection. His theories have been expanded and criticised by his peers, Jung, Adler ECT, and their theories although still psychoanalytic list the influences on behaviour as society and a persons environment.Much of the research done in Behaviourism was done preliminary to john Watson championing the term Behaviourism in his 1924 book.Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) initially proposed that humans and animals learn behaviours throug h the association of stimuli and responses. He stated two laws of learning to explain wherefore behaviour occurs the way that it does The Law of Effect specifies that any time a behaviour is followed by a pleasant outcome, that behaviour is likely to recur. The Law of set states that the more a stimulus is connected with a response, the stronger the link between the two.Ivan Pavlovs (1849-1936) carried on work on classical conditioning also he provided an observable way to study behaviour. Although most psychologists agree that neither Thorndike nor Pavlov were strict behaviourists, their work paved the way for the emergence of behaviourism.Later the behaviourist approach was taken up by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) who worked out the evolution of human behaviour by observing the behaviour of rats in a maze, where certain actions lead to different consequences In the 1950s, however, the popularity of behaviourism began to decline.Behaviourism is very difficult to crititse as unlike ot her approaches the data is not open to interpretation. As such the theory has received very little crititsm over the years.One of the main critisms was made by Noam Chomsky (1928), an expert inspeach, who demonstrated that the behaviourist approach simply could not explain the way a child picks up its native language. Today, many psychologists debate the extent to which cognitive learning and behavioural learning affect the development of personality. Also much of the research done by behaviourists would not be possible in the present day as the general public are much more aware of issues of cruelty to animals.Both of these theories have one key element, which is shared. Namely both have inspired and been the basis of therapies, which are still used to aid a variety of problems.From psychoanalysis, psychotherapy grew. Psychotherapy is a way of treating psychological or emotional problems, through talking both about the issue and about other issues. The main focus is to talk the pat ient through their experience hoping to discover the personal feelings, relationships, and events that have created their vegetative behaviour. Freud first used this therapy whilst alimentation in Austria where he was a practicing physician specializing in neurological disorders. When Freud could find no physical cause for an illness, he would experiment with this new therapy and in this way he found it extremely useful. It is now used widely across the world and is even a recommended treatment in the NHS.Behaviourism has led to other therapies, mainly treatment for phobias. Classical conditioning is also the basis for different types of fears or phobia, which can occur through a process called stimulus installation (a child who has a bad experience with a particular dog may learn to fear all dogs). Although classical conditioning is the cause of many phobias, classical conditioning can also help eliminate them through a variety of therapeutic techniques. One is systematic desensi tisation, in which an anxiety-producing stimulus is linked with a positive response. The opposite result (making a desirable stimulus unpleasant) is obtained through aversion conditioning therapy, in which a behaviour that a person wants to stop e.g. an addiction, such as alcoholism is paired with an unpleasant stimulus, such as a nausea-producing drug.So in conclusion, no one theory can be proven either correct or incorrect, as elements of each are useful and effective in modern life. Psychologists will constantly expand these theories and critism will continue, for as long as the debate rages on.BIBLIOGRAPHYPsychology for A level by Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum (2000)Gale Encyclopaedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.Rachlin, Howard. Introduction to ultramodern Behaviourism. 3rd ed. New York Freeman, 1991Lieberman, David A. Learning Behavior and Cognition. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1990.Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology. Gale Research, 19 98.Blackman, Derek E. Operant Conditioning An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. London Methuen, 1974.

Analysis of Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

Analysis of Eating Christmas in the Kalahari Richard lee sides piece, Eating Christmas in the Kalahari, describes his determine living with the Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari re commodet in south central Africa, but it does more than just reiterate a three year stint with a native African tribe. It to a fault serves as documentation of other instance of how different societies of people distinguish themselves from one another with certain customs and differences in how they conduct themselves socially. Misunderstandings ar hackneyed when it comes to anthropologist living among an unfamiliar group of people due to many sorts of cultural barriers.The primary obstacle that Lee encounters is a misinterpretation between himself and the tribesman on wherefore he isnt receiving the gratitude that he expects for slaughtering such an enormous ox. While it may not seem like it at first, the conflict that arises between the tribesman and Lee can symbolize the disparity between society in the United States and society in the Kalahari Desert. In the United States, when people do a deed that they maintain as an act of kindness, they expect a thank you from the beneficiary. The Kung Bushmen operate a little differently.Instead of the thank you that is customary in the United States, they ridicule and degrade the gift. This is what occurred with Lee and his ox which left him bewildered as to why the Bushmen would treat him this trend when he was sure that he has chose a more than adequate ox for the feast. This is another example of how cultures can contrast with one another. The reasoning behind why the Kung Bushmen handle gifts the way they do is actually a simple one. Their goal is to nurture no one man perceive himself greater than others just because he can bring home food.The line We insult men after they irritate a kill because of Arrogance. Yes, when a young man kills much meat he comes to think of himself as a chief or big man, and he thinks of the rest of u s as inferior or servants. We cant accept this supports this line of thinking. When the Bushmen realized how proud Lee was of his sacrifice, they utilized this in order to keep him humble. many a(prenominal) times when Americans perform a good deed it is so they can receive some sort of recognition which in turn builds their ego. This is where the Kung and Americans contrast. The Kung act the way they do because they see it as a service. They consider keeping one humble as doing the person a favor. Richard Lees firsthand experience served to deliver the message to the reader much more efficiently than if we were to read it from someone who received their information indirectly. By reading Lees account, we are able to fully grasp the effect that the Kung have on someone and how that person reacts to it, in addition to why the Kung act operate in the way that they do.

Amusement Parks Essay

At Six Flags on Friday July 19, 2013 a woman was riding the Texas titan rollercoaster when she fell out of her res risets. Carmen Brown, a witness, says that the woman had asked the staff to check her restraints shortly before the ride was starting. The gentleman that she had asked asked the woman if she heard the restraints click, the woman responded saying it didnt sound like everyone elses.The gentleman then, nonchalantly, told her that as long as it clicked it was okay. Nothing else was ever done to ensure the womans restraints were secure. Some witnesses nonplus inform that as the rollercoaster was making a turn the woman was thrown out. The name of the victim and any further information has not been released. It is suspected that the woman was with her son. When the train had returned from the ride, it was reported that two people were shouting, one was screaming My mom My mom. The rollercoaster staff greennessed the train far enough away from the platform so no one was all owed get off of the train. www.dallasnews.comDue to the traumatic experience and people fearing the safety of the rides at Six Flags, the company give probably get a good portion of money be construct people leave behind not want or continue going to their park. This accident has caused an unexpected economic transform in not only Six Flags but in all other amusement parks as well. Society will now have this negative view on amusement parks which means, for a little while at least, they will not want to go to the parks. This will cause the parks income to decline which can be very bad for the company, especially for Six Flags, who declared bankruptcy in 2009.When society loses trust in something they will usually pull back their economic support, leaving companies with fewer customers. It is important that companies and organizations remember that they have to keep the customer happy and safe. If not they will no longer have any customers. The majority of the people that witness ed the tragic event of the woman falling to her death due to a mechanical issue will probably no longer return to the park and they will likely have a large influence on their friends and family to not trust the park as well.

Pharmacia & Upjohn Essay

As Pharmacia & Upjohn ready their minoxidil product to be distributed everyplace the counter the company faces many new challenges not previously considered. Pharmacia has estimated that at one time in the over the counter foodstuff minoxidil would reach $250 billion in sales within their first year and $1 billion over a period of volt years. The numbers mentioned above where forecasted under the assumption that the FDA would approve a request for tercet year selling exclusivity, this request was heretofore denied. Pharmacia & Upjohn must now consider the possibility of loosing 60% of their volume to competition.The stigmatize exit have to reevaluate their potential first year sales and regulate how they lead modify their marketing plan to differentiate Rogaine from comparable products. External Analysis client Analysis. Pharmacia & Upjohn target men and women between the ages of 25 to 49 for their Rogaine product. Since Rogaines introduction as a prescription drug the pr oduct has grossed over $700 million in sales. At the time of the eccentric research estimated that there were about 20 million women and 40 million men in the United States with thinning hair or baldness.Out of this class 38. 6 share of women say they would seek treatment for hair loss and 30. 4 percent of men say they would seek treatment. Combined men and women are estimated to spend an estimated $300 million a year on products for the treatment of grow. As of now Pharmacia & Upjohn estimate potential retail sales of $250 million a year. Management will now have to take into consideration that they could lose up to 60 percent of their sales after their patent expires. Growth Prospect.By 1995 cumulative sales for the brand had reached $700 million in the US and exceeded $1 billion worldwide. Sales from their first year offering nonprescription Rogaine were expect to yield $250 million in retail sales in year one and $1billion over a period of five years. The company obviously expects harvest-festival in this market. Based on current industry trends and indicators, the hair re crop industry is currently in the growth compass point. One major characteristic of the growth stage is make upd competition.In the past Rogaine was the only product offered containing their patented formula, however, there is now the possibility of at least three former(a) brands utilise similar formulas coming to the market. True to products in the growth stage Rogaine will be making a few changes to their marketing mix. Pharmacia & Upjohn plan to increase the percentage of minoxidil from 2 to 5 percent, sell Rogaine at fractional the price of the prescription version, distribute to retail outlets and increase promotion efforts. Marketing Profitability. The possibility for intense competition is very high for Rogaine.This is due to Pharmacia & Upjohns patent expiring for Rogaine and the denial of their request for a three year period of marketing exclusivity. As a result Bau sch & Lomb, Alpharma, and Lemmon union have all considered the possibility of bringing hair regrowth products to the market. The threat of substitutes is also in particular high due to generic brands offering similar products coming to the market. Generic brands typically sell for 25 percent to 50 percent less than brand name products. As a result of a greater number of options customers will now have more bargaining power than in the past. scattering Channels. As a prescription drug Rogaines strategy was to first educate members of their sales force who would then call on physicians, dermatologist, and other health care professionals. After this introduction Pharmacia & Upjohn began targeting consumers directly finished television commercials, print ads and direct mailings. Their over the counter strategy will include creating a hair regrowth category and distributing products through pharmacy or hair care sections of food, drug, and mass merchandise retail outlets.The company a lso plans to send mailings to around 40,000 physicians, 20,000 pharmacists. Consumers will be targeted with mail in rebates, television commercials and by advertisements placed in periodicals. Overall 92 percent of the target will see Rogaine through television and 77 percent of customers would be reached through print advertisements. Marketing Trends. Two major trends that will affect the marketing mix for Rogaine is trim pricing and increased promotion.A single, twin and triple pack of Rogaine will now retail for $29. 0, $55. 00 and $75. 00 respectfully. Overall their products will be selling for half the price of the prescription version of the product. Increased competition will also be a new trend in the market. Competitors such as Bausch & Lomb, Alpharma, and Lemmon and Company will be entering the market selling similar products. Overall $75 million will initially be spent on publicise in the over the counter market. There are also plans to increase the amount of minoxidil from 2-percent to 5-percent in order to increase product effectiveness.In proportion as a prescription drug it was estimated that Rogaine spent between $40 million and $50 million on marketing annually up until 1991. In the past Rogaine was protected by a patent blocking competitors from using their formula. A key achiever factor for Rogaine in the over the counter market will be differentiation. Rogaine will have to differentiate itself from competition who may be offering lower priced products. Customer Analysis. As of now Rogaine has two defined segments. Men between the ages of 25 and 49 make up the largest customer segment for Rogaine.Research indicates that 9. 9 percent of men who experience hair loss actually seek treatment. At the time of the case it was estimated that there were around 40 million balding men in the US. This means around 3,960,000 men will actually seek treatment for hair loss. The second submarket for the hair product is women between the ages of 18 and 4 9. It is estimated that around 20 million women have thinning hair and an estimated 13. 3 percent will actually seek treatment for their hair loss. Customers who purchase Rogaine are motivated by cosmetic reasons.Although hair loss is most commonly caused by the medical condition alopecia, it is not something that requires one to seek treatment. almost insurance plans do not even cover doctors visits or prescriptions for hair loss products such as Rogaine. Unmet Need. Although Rogaine is considered a success there are many who have not benefited from the use of the product. Research indicates that only 26 percent of male users reported moderate to dense growth and 33 percent reported minimal growth while using Rogaine. Out of women within this same age range only 19 percent reported moderate hair growth and 40 percent reported minimal growth.This means that there is still a large majority of the market that needs a solution to their hair loss problems. Performance Analysis. With th e denial of the request for three year marketing exclusivity, this has affected the way Rogaine will compete against other hair loss treatment companies. Rogaine has assured its client based that their product is the the only product medically proven to regrow hair. Rogaine has been able to dominate the market with sales over $600 million during the years of 1988-1995.Sales are projected over the course of the next five years to increase at an average rate of 20% each year, with a total of net profit before taxes of $759,438, 823 at the end of 2000. Determinants of strategic Options. Rogaine has chosen to spend $75 million on a marketing program to create awareness and a trial of the product. The $75 million will be distributed between one 30-second commercial spot for both men and women, information and displays would be sent to an estimated 40,000 physicians, and 20,000 pharmacists would receive the Rogaine Pharmacy Kit.Rogaine was also offering consumers a way to join the direct marketing program by signing up or calling the toll surplus number to join. Rogaine is also partnering with Progaine, (a shampoo) by offering coupons for Progaine inserted inside the Rogaine packages. Rogaine is currently facing the implications of having the 3 year market exclusivity request denied. This denial is allowing Rogaines competitors the ability to flood the market with their brand of hair re-growth products. This flooding of the market will likely decrease the growth rate of 20% in sales.

Hunting alleged Nazi war criminals Essay

I cant say if hunting Nazi war criminals is worth it, but I can give my opinion and it is up to you to make up your own mind. By the end of reading this, you should cause come to some conclusion.I cerebrate it is not worth hunting assert Nazi war criminals, anymore. I think that spending tens of millions of pounds, and alone the beat and effort that goes into it now is worthless now. If they had have done it ten or cardinal years after the war had ended then they would have had much more success. The argue I think it is worthless now is because almost all tell apart will have been destroyed after the war ended, and any war criminals from World War II would have done their best to on the whole hide their background and any evidence they have that they committed war crimes. Also victims that survived concentration camps will not be able to identify a man with absolute certainty that he was the same man that dumbfound people to death around fifty years ago, mainly for the si mple reason that it was so long ago.Also witnesses may want to blame someone, so they blame the suspect in question, or they want it to be that suspect so much that they believe it was him. Also lots of witnesses are now dead, and the ones who are still alive may have something wrong with them that they cant intend the face or voice of the man who put their friends and family to death. I also think that if they do catch a suspected Nazi war criminal, then he may have something mentally wrong with him. Due to old age the accused might not be able to remember anything, so it would be an unfair trial, because he doesnt have an alibi with which to prove he was not a Nazi war criminal.A suspect may be alike old or ill to go to court also, a suspect when found could be dying in their bed with all a few weeks to live and so they would never be able to stand a court trial anyway. These are the main reasons I believe that spending all the time, money and effort is not worth it. I believe it is too late and the suspects will be dying by the time they are found, an example of this is seen in a face where a man called Szymon Serafinowicz, who was accused of being a nazi war criminal. In this case the control panel saw Serafinowicz to be unfit to plead to charges of war crimes, because he had dementure, so he couldnt remember anything about where he was at certain clock of the war, or what he was doing meaning he wouldnt have an alibi with which to protect himself so the case would have been totally unfair.After being freed he died about 18 months later, so even if he had have been convicted he would have only spent a few months in jail, and would have in all probability been let out after a couple of weeks to be admitted into hospital. There was no case for this man who was suspected of being in command of police force officers who ordered Jews to lay face down in the snow and where then shot, hit childrens heads against tomb stones to kill them, order Jewish fam ilies to line up and then shoot them, and he himself was accused of shooting a woman with a child who was running away. In total he was accused parliamentary law 3000 Jews to be killed. If a man like this cant even get a trial then, let alone being convicted is it rightfully in all probability that another man will get convicted.In another case, the Demjanjuk trial he was convicted of being Ivan the terrible a guard at Treblinka and was accused of put thousands to death, and torturing some people for the fun of it. He was sentenced to death by hanging, but got released after appealing. The judges decided there was not enough evidence to convict him after all. Five witnesses said under oath that they were certain that Demjajuk was Ivan the terrible, also he couldnt remember where he was or what he was doing at certain times in the war, and it sounded like he was trying to pretend he was at certain places at certain times. It appeared only fin disbursement twenty survives though t Demjanjuk was Ivan the terrible, and these were the witnesses used in court.If fifteen say it wasnt him and only five say it was him, the chances are that it was not him, even though five witnesses were sure of it, this proves that eye witnesses can not be totally relied upon to identify a man they saw about fifty years ago. This proves to me that it is not worth the bother and money of hunting them down anymore, but if you are not convinced yet I will talk about another trial, the Papon case. The jury heard that Papon should be freed during the trial, because of his advanced age and his medical condition (he suffered from angina). It was heard that even if he were found guilty he would not have to spend another night in jail. He died a few months later, so if he had have been convicted he was still be able to be free and walk about the streets.The war crimes unit did not get a single person convicted, even after all the effort they put in, they found evidence but did not manage t o get a single conviction.After looking at all the evidence I really dont think it is worth spending lots of time and effort and millions of pounds to find an old man who will probably be too ill and old to go through a court case, and even if they are fit to go through trial then they probably habit be convicted due to not enough evidence, or unreliable evidence.

What’s Up with Pasta

Whats Up With alimentary paste Q1 We need to understand and look into why the Spaniards are spending relatively less on Pasta than its European neighbors. Current food market research d whiz by AEFPA offers insufficient data, so we need to improve data quality. The main goal is the get a clear demographic segmented market overview. One of the problems is that we sensnot clearly identify the potential and present-day(prenominal) alimentary paste consumers clearly we simply do not cheat enough about of core target group. In addition we need insights on consumer behavior and habits as we do not know what drives the consumer decision when choosing alimentary paste and when declining pasta.Another advantage of a broad market study would be that it would become clear if there are segments in the market currently not being explored. As a result we forget be able to clearly identify the market entry barriers for pasta. According to our calculations (Appendix 1), there is an underut ilized yearly market infract of EUR 87Mln. Given this significant amount we find it justified to spend 0. 2% (Eur 175. 000) of the market gap initializing the market research plan, collect the data and conduct the analysis.Costs to merchandise st valuegy, marketing planning and implementation are not included in this figure. We estimate the overall cost of the market research will be Eur 132. 800 judgement from informal discussions with contacts in Unilever and Kraft Foods, our estimate seems to be on the low side. Q2 Methodology We are interested in conducting both quantitative and qualitative research. In our opinion we need both elements to fully understand the market. This will allow us to better segment the market. Starting point of the quantitative research is the expound quantitative research already done by AEFPA.The Geographical sales overview, diffusion channels and sales pr. pasta type, must be investigated further. We suggest conducting a demographic segmentation o verlay to this data, as the segmentation will serve us by dividing a bragging(a) population/sample into specific client groups. We are opting for the demographical segmentation as we expect to receive a large amount of data that otherwise would not be feasible to analyze. Therefore, we cluster the knowledge to make patterns of sub-groups macroscopical and will enable to identify consumer profile and behaviors.We refer to this as top-down market research. The consumer behavior can only be partly captured in the demographic segmentation, so to ensure we shake up a bulky sample of data, we introduce a bottom-up figure out by initiating Shopper Insights research. Shopper Insights will in addition to bring to additional data on behavior also deliver the goods invaluable insights to the guests perception of pasta. The aim with Shoppers Insight is to passively monitor the customers behavior in the situation of purchase at point-of-buying to learn about the conversion rate.Unilever defines Shoppers Insight as centre on the process that takes place between that first thought the consumer has about purchasing an item, all the way through the selection of that item. This is further underlined by practical examples from Kraft Foods Switzerland, who has provided access to their methodology to this group. We will be adopting the methods of 5 Ss to conduct our Shopper insights research and conduct this across the difference distribution channels mentioned in the case.Detailed explanation in Appendix 2 By making use of both top-down and bottom-up quantitative research, we feel we have adequate data quality. However it is critical to maintain a satisfactory sample size. We tolerate our sample pool will be the entire Spanish population. There are many considerations when choosing a sampling size. We consider it a tradeoff between costs and sampling quality as there is a linear relationship between the sampling size and the cost. We estimate that the sampling size mus t be at least 384 people. See further details in addendum 3.To finish the research we introduce Consumer Insight which is a qualitative overlay. Personal interviews with customers will be done immediately after the consumer has been notice in the Shoppers Insight. The sample size when conducting qualitative research is less important as there is no need for statistical significance, so we will be highly selective when choosing participants. Actually we will aim to only interview the High-Consumer and Non-consumer segments found in the top-down demographic segmentation research.This will provide strong qualitative data for creating the marketing strategy and planning. These topics will not be discussed in this paper. Q3 Implementation As we want to build in the actual data from AEPFA, significantly more data collecting must be done. We would conduct a survey on a large sample, using these quadruplet variables Age, life-cycle stage (the life cycle stage of a consumer group defin es what will be the need of that particular customer), Gender and Income. In addition questions in pasta purchasing history and frequency would be asked.The questions will be knowing so the answers can be directly comparable across the entire sample. This can be achieved by having a 1-5 scale designed on which the answers must fit one of the numbers. Example Question How often do you eat pasta, Possible answers 1 Never, 2 ones a day, 3 ones a week, 4 ones a month, 5 ones a year. By constructing all questions to fit much(prenominal) answer-schedule, we will be able to achieve statistical significance. The result will be a clear segmented group, where we can establish who are the current consumers (core buying segment) and non-consumers (core anti-buyers).We see these segments should be targeted for further penetration. Next step we passively and discretely monitor the consumer at point-of-buying using the 5 Ss approach (See appendix 2). We will be present in all the distribution c hannels mentioned. This can be done via video or via physical presents. It is paramount the customer is unaware she/he is being monitored as this potentially would influence the buying habits. The consumer segments found above the consumer and non-consumer will be specifically targeted in the monitoring. I. e. hen a consumer fits one of the segments, the monitoring will be initiated. We wish to focus on these segments due to costs, but could increase the sampling to all customers across all segments if cypher would allow. As the quantitative research should not stand alone, we would initiate in-depth interviews with more open-ended questions to better grasp the motivation behind the choice made by the customer. Such questions could be Why did you buy pasta, What type of pasta do you mean(prenominal)ly buy, why did you buy pasta instead of sift or potatoes. . For the non-consumers questions could be Why do you choose rice/potatoes instead of pasta, Which pasta products are you m issing in the shop etc. We believe the quantitative and qualitative output of this extensive research plan, by identifying the two interesting segments and dwell into their motivations behind their choice, would form an excellent base for developing an sound market strategy and for creating an overall marketing strategy for Pasta in Spain. ? vermiform appendix 1For the calculations of the market gap difference in current and potential market we have assumed the observeing Current year is 1990. Potential year is 1992. Population has increased by 0. 6% from 1990 to 1992. Euro/Pesetas exchange rate is 166. 386. (Official final locating when Spain adopted the Euro) Consumer behavior in terms of demand of the different pasta types is unchanged from 1990 1992 Pasta price was inflated with 4% from 1990 1992. Consumption of pasta move 1 kg pr. Capita from 1990 1992 Pasta Market in 1990 Pasta Market in 1992 ? APPENDIX 2The 5 Ss method is designed so marketers can observe a customer from entering point-of-buying (POB) to final transaction. The method works on two levels 1. Consumer level The consumer are monitored so we follow the target discreetly around the POB. We observe how the consumer Sees, Scans, Spot, Show interest and (potentially) Select the product we represent. This gives us valuable information as we can identifies were in the process we lose the customer (also call Fall-out). The conversation rate is computed as number of consumers selecting our product out of shoppers entering the POB.The net sales for a given participation is highly sensitive to changes in conversation rate Only a small increase in conversion will generate a (relative) large increase in sales. 2. Store layout and the category placement in POB. We can observe the customers ability to find the product in POB is the product visible to the consumer, where on the shelve is it placed, is it placed with complementary goods? or supplementary goods? After the research is concluded fee dback will be delivered to POB to improve visibility if required. ? APPENDIX 3 We recognize the sample size of 1067 is a (very) rough estimate.We opted for an internet resource from Creative Research Systems as we decided to focus our resources on the research planning and method. The sample size is computed using Confidence level 95% Confidence Interval (margin of error) 5% Population 40000000 We believe these input factors are comparable with real-life statistical simulations. ? APPENDIX 4 As we require a specialized set of data and therefore need a specialized report, we assume such report must be order and bought directly at a Market Research company or institute under normal circumstances.As it is specialized we assume the price will be high, so budget with a one-time payment of EUR 75. 000. We have only very little foundation for making this estimate. It was the conclusion of a conversation between marketing executives on Linkedin. The bottom-up research will need to conduct 3 84 observations in order to fulfill to the token(prenominal) sample size requirement found in appendix 3. Based on information from marketing sources at Kraft Foods, we consider it realistic one market researcher can conduct 25 observations in one day. This results in 15. 3 days of work at an assumed daily rate of EUR 1000

Value Management

Q. 1 Using your emerging knowledge of take account counselling (VM), critic completelyy appraise the enunciate and make suggestions as to how the VM study might have been run differently / more(prenominal) effectively. A shelter Management report is the tail to a well-constructed project in the sense that all parties involved or potentially change will be content with the final outcome. It is vital to understand and elaborate on the key aspects that reckon a value management study in order to gain an agreeable conclusion. Often these guidelines ar met, yet comparatively and with no due culpability, some guidelines are overseen.The causes of these significant errors are often mistakes and seldom intentional however they greatly skew the findings and lead to inevitable issues raised in the future. The Value Management Workshop Report, dated 26 November 2009, is focused on the Road and Traffic Authority (RTA) Mount capital of Seychelles to Lithgow forcing out. It incorporates many of the procedures and strategies that are set out in a report titled Total asset Management, September 2004, which has been developed by New South Wales Government Treasurys Office.This particular documents basis is value management guideline. In order to construct an argument as to how the Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project workshop could have been run differently and more effectively I will juxtapose these two documents. thither are two main criteria that will be focused on the stages of a Value Management and when such stages should be initiated and pre workshop planning and what it should comprise of. For a study project/program, some(prenominal) Value Management studies may be needed, for ex full at the service planning stage, the concept evolution stage, at the construction stage, at the operation and maintenance stage and, ultimately, at disposal. (Value Management guideline, 2004) There is no question that the 6 major stages of a project listed above require a Value Management Plan. In this particular instance the concept development stage is the main focus of the RTA report. plan development should include the scope of the project, what the project aims to achieve and the general antecedenting behind such a development.The general concept of this proposed project can be described as light meaning that the reason for undertaking a public infrastructure project, estimated in excess of $275 million excluding the three phases included in the Mount Victoria section, is a little unclear. It is stated that The highway upgrade work that has already been realized on The Great Western Highway has led to improved travel times for motorists and a safer road environment for all motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. RTA Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project, 26 November 2009) The New South Wales Governments plan to upgrade state roads, is therefore a green light to develop and upgrade new roads as the RTA deems fit. There is no panorama or mention of rejuve nating existing infrastructure, which would be presumably economically healthier and time efficient. Although such a consideration may have become immediately redundant once ousted, there should have been ample opportunity for consideration by all members of the workshop, which in fact there wasnt.It is effective to conduct pre workshops programmes in a smaller group to develop issues that can be readily raised in the major Value Management workshop. Identifying issues early rather than over the two days of the workshop will move over organisers and sub sequentially the members of the workshop the ability to address and answer problems with relevant facts, current data and more importantly directly. This would be a substitute of ball park figures and broad/ assumed answers that would have been displace forward if pre workshop programmes were not conducted.

The Kite Runner Journal Responses

Journal Responses 11/2/12 The passage they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my tyros the three estates uses a key word in the phrase, estate. Some synonyms of the word estate are land, park, parkland, manor. The intension we could deem is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassans family a gamy brain on what they are compared to other families in afghan. The passage a new and affluent approach in the northern part of Kabul. Some thought it was the prettiest house in completely of Kabul. Can reach how Amir and his father are very proud of themselves. The author wanted to show that Amir and his father were one of the richer and wealthier in the city. He may also wanted to show that they stand out from the pass off of the people of the city. Therefore Amir and his Father are characterized as the upper class of Kabul. you The hazara what I go on remember from the movie afghan star is that all the ethnic groups were fighting back where they were from. But all of the 4 different ethnics singing it had seemed to bring them together in a sense of unity.Yes, The Hazaras are disrespected more than than the other ethnic groups. This is almost like them picking on the most weakest person which in this typeface is hazara. The passage they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my fathers estate uses a key word in the phrase, estate. Some synonyms of the word estate are land, park, parkland, manor. The connotation we could impinge on is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassans family a rich outlook on what they are compared to other families in afghan.Eric Richardson Ms. Pierce Journal Responses 11/2/12 Chapter quaternity response. Why doesnt Amir accept Hassan as a good friend? What doesnt make sense to me is why does Hassan do all this stiff for Amir and not get anything in retort even tho he is always there for him. For example when Hassan read Amir a apologue the n he asked a question, when Amir was thinking about something mean to say about Hassan beingness a hazara. Amir doesnt seem to have respect for anyone and I think it will start out back to haunt him.

Jesse Jame

Jesse mob Paige Riley College Prep English Ms. Engel Works Cited 1881, with authorities growth suspicious, Jesse rented a house in Saint Joseph, and Missouri. Jesse pack Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. <http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jesse_James Jesse James recital. Biography Base Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http//www. biographybase. com/biography/james_jesse. html>. Bio True floor Jesse James Biography Facts, Birthday, Life Story Biography. om . Bio True Story Famous Biographies & TV Shows Biography. com . N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http//www. biography. com/people/jesse-james-9352646>. Green, Carl R. , and William R. Sanford. Jesse James. Hillside, N. J. , U. S. A. Enslow Publishers, 1992. Print. Triplett, abrupt, Joseph W. Snell, and Jerry Valez. The life, times and treacherous cobblers last of Jesse James. Chicago The Swallow Press, 1970. Print. Stiles, T. J.. Jes se James last rebel of the Civil War. New York A. A. Knopf, 2002. Print. Jesse JamesThesis Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasnt scared to give the law a actuate for their money. Outline I. weenie and Jesse a. Who they were b. What caused their rebellion acts II. Rebellions c. What caused them d. Who helped them Riley 1 Jesse James was the living and his younger brother, Frank were always assistants in crime. The brothers got themselves in trouble on a regular basis. Running from the law was a typical matter for the James brothers. Jesse and Frank James always seemed to take the law into their own hands.The actual date Jesse James became historied is know to be December 7th, 1869. *DOC* Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasnt scared to give the law a run for their money. Jesse killed eight manpower in a one day once. After the war, he returned to his home and was the leader of one of historys or so(prenominal) notorious outlaw combinations. He was hurt firearm surrendering at the end of the war, and later said he had been forced into becoming an outlaw because his family had been punished for nothing in the war. The brothers were surprisingly liked all oer the US.People looked at the James brothers as a type of Robin Hood taking from the rich and gravid to the poor, horizontal though there was no real evidence to prove they did. They started robbing banks and trains, quickly spreading their popularity passim the nation. The James band was the most feared outlaw gang in history. There are reports that say the gang was estimated to of stolen around $200,000 from all of the bank robberies. Jesse was a really carmine man. If he suspected someone to be an enemy, he would kill them right on the spot.Jesse was once reported to be getting change for a $100 bill once and shot a man in the heart because he fantasy the man was responsible for killing Bloody Bil l. *DOC*3 Despite their criminal and often violent acts, James and his partners were much adored. Journalists were almost always excited to sell stories people of the East with tales of a waste West, exaggerated and romanticized the gangs adventures, often making James as a Robin Hood. James did mess Riley 2 with railroad workers who took private land for the railways. The gang was always a hot topic in newspapers everywhere.People feared Jesse James but at the same time he was cognize as a respected legendary rebel. James married his cousin in 1847. As feared as they were, the James brothers were both known as loving husbands and a good family man. Jesse and his cousin had two children. Jesse had plenty of money and a loving family that he ease continued his life of crime. Some people say Jesse had a Love encounter with crime *DOC* band he just couldnt stop because of the thrill it gave him. James and his famous gang robbed their way across the Western Frontier.They focused o n robbing stagecoaches, banks, trains, and even stores. Out of all of the mutinous things Jesse did, he must have been very good at what he did considering he was never captured while doing them. In 1873 the James gang robbed a train, stealing over $3,000 which is equivalent to over $60,000 today. They tried to piddle off people by wearing white masks, pretending they were from the Ku Klux Klan. This looting made James the most famous of the former Guerillas. To show a symbol of threatening centralization the brothers derailed the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa.Of all the train robberies the James Gang was responsible for they never were reported of stealing from the passengers. Even though they were feared outlaws the gang was surprisingly adored. Journalists and writers were always anxious to interview the gang members, especially Jesse James. The gang wasnt timid to go out in public and show themselves. Not stealing from the passengers is where the Riley 3 idea of Jesse wo rld a Robin Hood because he stole from the train itself, not the innocent people. The downfall of the gang began in September 1876 when they attempted to rob the First topic Bank in Minnesota.After a manhunt and the robbery only Frank and James were left un caught and alive. Many of the gang members had been drinking before the robbery and this is what caused the robbery to fail. Two of the gang members were guarding the doors of the bank and this made the citizens suspicious. The cops were soon called and a manhunt began killing and capturing all but Frank and Jesse. After this tragic event Jesse had to recruit people to help him rob the Platte bank which was his last known robbing. *DOC* The James brothers were mostly involved in their gang for a ten year compass point from 1866 to 1876. DOC* 1 The James brothers were always moving around, avoiding the law. With his brother Frank James and other ex-Confederates, with kale Younger and his brothers, the James gang robbed their w ay across the Western frontier aiming towards banks, trains, stagecoaches, and stores from Iowa to Texas. Escaping and hiding from even the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, the gang got away with thousands of dollars. James is believed to have carried out the first daylight bank robbery stealing over $60,000 from a bank in Liberty, Missouri.The conjunction always protected them but they were still always on the move. Jesse and Frank planned to do one more robbery alongside Charlie and wharfage Ford. Little did the brothers know that the Governor had offered a reward so big that it made the Fords turn their backs on the James brothers. Riley 4 On April 3rd, 1882 *DOC* 3 trail and Jesse were talking a crooked picture on the wall in Jesses house. When Jesse turned to straighten the picture curtsy shot him in the back of the head, immediately killing Jesse James. The shooting of Jesse caused quite the uproar in Missouri.The community considered it a cowardly assassination and th ey were outraged at the method used. *DOC* 3 Frank James soon turned himself in to the police afterward the death of his beloved brother and partner in crime. The juries did not convict Frank of any of the crimes he was apart of and so Frank walked as a free man. After the tragic death of Jesse James the Ford brothers were hated by everyone. They were known as cowards and traitors. Frank and James had been friends with the Ford brothers for a long time and it was not expected of Bob to shoot Jesse.Bob Ford collected the $10,000 reward for the capture of Jesse James after the murder. The Ford brothers were sentenced to hang for the murder, even though there was a reward for the capture of Jesse before they killed him. The governor of Missouri pardoned the Ford brothers and gave them no punishment for the death of Jesse. Some people say the death of Jesse James was all a pasquinade and Jesse lived many years after his faked death. It was reported Jesse James ended up living to the ag e of 103, which was very old, especially back in the 1900s.Ford never admitted to killing James and this left suspicion among the people and Jesses loved ones. Many years after the burial of Jesse James the body was tested and it was over 99% likely to be the real Mr. James. The body of the man suspected to be the real Jesse was supposed to be tested at the same time but the bodies were switched and it never did Riley 5 get tested. Even after all of the murders and crimes Jesse James was a part of he died a feared but respected man. He truly was the living definition of a rebellious outlaw