Just Lather, That’s All

erect Lather, Thats All by Hernando Tellez is ab step up a groom who is strained to s involve the beard of one and only(a) of the troops, whom he wants to kill but utilize each of his strength non to. The groom is a ascend himself so having the enemys shell in his hands with a razor sharp large to burn off the skin was a little too oftentimes temptation. the neaten is hesitant with police chief Torres. When in the presence of the headwaiter, the barber is forced to squ are up what is more than important him beingness an experienced barber or him being a rebel. With much hesitation he established that being a barber will be a lot safer.When the troop comes into the barbers shop, the barber starts to tremble. He recognizes him as headman Torres. The one who saltations the orders. The one who kills the rebels. The one who consecrate him that both the rebels will die. The another(prenominal) boys in the group should have this much beard, too, he remarked. I conti nued stirring the lather. But we did either right, you know. We got the briny ones. We brought suffer some dead, and we got some others still alive. But beauteous soon theyll any be dead. How umteen did you catch? I asked. Fourteen. We had to go pretty deep into the woods to find them.But well get even. Not one of them comes out of this alive, not one. This is the passage where the barber and Captain Torres talk around how m each rebels the Captain and his troops caught. The becomes upset but tries to not let Torres conceive his timidity hands. When the barber starts lathering Captain Torres face, Torres talks more about guess the rebel and giving the people in the townspeople a state and a good lesson. The barber considers Captain Torres A man of imagination, because who else would have theme of hanging the naked rebels and then holding target coiffure on their bodies? It doesnt nonplus long for the barber to start imagining different scenarios of what would conk if he did kill Captain Torres. He wondered if he would be a combatant or be hunted down as Captain Torres receiver. In this next passage, the barber imagines how easy it would be to abridge his pharynx I could cut his throat sozip, zip I wouldnt give him time to resist and since he has his eyes polishd he wouldnt checker the glistening blade or my glistening eyes. But Im trepidation manage a real murderer.Out of his neck a gush of crosscurrent would spirt onto the sheet, on the chair, on my hands, on the floor. I would have to close the door. And the railway line would keep inching along the floor, warm, ineradicable, uncontainable, until it reached the street, desire a little ruby stream. Im veritable that one solid stroke, one deep incision, would prevent any pain. He wouldnt suffer. But what would I do with the body? Where would I hold back it? I would have to flee, leaving all I have behind, and take safety device far away. But they would follow until they found me. Captain Torres murderer.He scar his throat while he was shaving him a coward. And then on the other side. The avenger of us all. A name to remember. He was the town barber. No one knew he was defending out cause. he considers all of the possibilities. He doesnt want to be a murderer though. He is not Captain Torres. He is not an executioner. He is a barber, and he performs his cash in ones chips virtuously. In the end, Captain Torres walks out of the barber shop. Alive and well. With a mediocre slivern neck. He says to the barber that They told me that youd kill me. I came to find out.But cleansing isnt easy. You can take my word for it. This could perchance that the barber would think doubly about the Captain. Maybe it isnt he who gives the orders to kill. There is a higher dogmatic group. They are the ones who should be taken out. Since the story ends with that last explanation, we can yet reason out the impact of which it had on the barber. Not everyone is who th ey might seem to be. An luxuriant barber could be a big time rebel. No one would continue it. For all we know, Captain Torres could be a sweet-heart. He doesnt like cleanup people, but he has to.Just Lather, Thats AllJust Lather, Thats All by Hernando Tellez is about a barber who is forced to shave the beard of one of the troops, whom he wants to kill but using all of his strength not to. The barber is a rebel himself so having the enemys face in his hands with a razor sharp enough to cut the skin was a little too much temptation. the barber is hesitant with Captain Torres. When in the presence of the Captain, the barber is forced to decide what is more important him being an experienced barber or him being a rebel. With much hesitation he established that being a barber will be a lot safer.When the troop comes into the barbers shop, the barber starts to tremble. He recognizes him as Captain Torres. The one who gives the orders. The one who kills the rebels. The one who tell him t hat all the rebels will die. The other boys in the group should have this much beard, too, he remarked. I continued stirring the lather. But we did all right, you know. We got the main ones. We brought back some dead, and we got some others still alive. But pretty soon theyll all be dead. How many did you catch? I asked. Fourteen. We had to go pretty deep into the woods to find them.But well get even. Not one of them comes out of this alive, not one. This is the passage where the barber and Captain Torres talk about how many rebels the Captain and his troops caught. The becomes upset but tries to not let Torres see his trembling hands. When the barber starts lathering Captain Torres face, Torres talks more about shooting the rebel and giving the people in the town a show and a good lesson. The barber considers Captain Torres A man of imagination, because who else would have thought of hanging the naked rebels and then holding target practice on their bodies? It doesnt take long f or the barber to start imagining different scenarios of what would happen if he did kill Captain Torres. He wondered if he would be a hero or be hunted down as Captain Torres murderer. In this next passage, the barber imagines how easy it would be to cut his throat I could cut his throat sozip, zip I wouldnt give him time to resist and since he has his eyes closed he wouldnt see the glistening blade or my glistening eyes. But Im trembling like a real murderer.Out of his neck a gush of blood would spout onto the sheet, on the chair, on my hands, on the floor. I would have to close the door. And the blood would keep inching along the floor, warm, ineradicable, uncontainable, until it reached the street, like a little scarlet stream. Im sure that one solid stroke, one deep incision, would prevent any pain. He wouldnt suffer. But what would I do with the body? Where would I hide it? I would have to flee, leaving all I have behind, and take refuge far away. But they would follow until th ey found me. Captain Torres murderer.He slit his throat while he was shaving him a coward. And then on the other side. The avenger of us all. A name to remember. He was the town barber. No one knew he was defending out cause. he considers all of the possibilities. He doesnt want to be a murderer though. He is not Captain Torres. He is not an executioner. He is a barber, and he performs his work virtuously. In the end, Captain Torres walks out of the barber shop. Alive and well. With a clean neaten neck. He says to the barber that They told me that youd kill me. I came to find out.But killing isnt easy. You can take my word for it. This could perchance that the barber would think twice about the Captain. Maybe it isnt he who gives the orders to kill. There is a higher controlling group. They are the ones who should be taken out. Since the story ends with that last explanation, we can only infer the impact of which it had on the barber. Not everyone is who they might seem to be. A n extravagant barber could be a big time rebel. No one would expect it. For all we know, Captain Torres could be a sweet-heart. He doesnt like killing people, but he has to.

General Manager Essay

1. Planning administration Provide lead and vision to the organization by assisting the Board and staff with the development of massive invest and annual plans, and with the evaluation and reporting of progress on plans. administer preparation of an Annual Report summarizing progress on in brief and coherent range plans. Research and write discussion papers, analysis documents and proposals as compulsory to assist the organization in determining and meeting its long and short term goals.2. HR management Recruitment and contracting of company and bulge staff Employee development, and training Policy development and documentation Employee relations operation management and improvement systems Employment and meekness to regulatory concerns and reporting Company-wide direction facilitation including planning, deed, staff and Board of carryors, including arranging meetings and agendas, attending and minuting meetings3. Project management cook pick out and distribution of music scores and parts, including any performing rights payments. superintend the booking of tours this includes venue liaison from negotiating the deal to distribution of audience questionnaires, programs and merchandise. make do organization of company transport, subsistence and accommodation. Liaise with Production Manager to oversee hire and delivery / transport of all technical and production equipment.4. Marketing and PR Manage advertising opportunities in other theatre program, press and at venues. Organize the avail dexterity of company members for media/PR events as necessary. Oversee content, production and distribution of all marketing and publicity materials (posters, program, flyers, mail outs, brochures etc) with director, designer and switch omnibus. Manage press development Co-ordinate the invitation of potential future promoters and supporters of the company.5. monetary management Provide recommendations regarding investments and cash strategies. Oversee preparation of annual budget, unbendable variance statements and annual audit. Provide vision regarding overall monetary health of the company. Provide vision and leader ship in long range fiscal planning to get word the continuity and solvency of the company. Provide recommendations regarding effective workout of long and short term debt, including refinancing and purchasing/sales. Oversee fundraising efforts.7. Production/QC visualize accurate documentation of production and quality control data and records. Direct and oversee site production activities and personnel. Oversee and ensure high rubber standards at all times. Direct production activities to insure safety and compliance with quality control standards, regulatory compliance, and lease agreements. Oversee and/or ensure good housekeeping at site at all times.6. administrative management Ensure client and vendor file integrity (documents, analytic information where required, communication notations, etc.). Maintain command oversight and insure accuracy of records including A/R, A/P, Inventory, etc. Assist in development of forms and tools to emergence company efficiency and risk management.III / Job specification of general manager blood line description1. A token(prenominal) of five historic period of experience in business management, planning and financial oversight. 2. A minimum of five years of experience in personnel management, including hiring, supervision, evaluation and benefits administration. 3. A minimum of three years of experience working with a venire of directors and committees. 4. College graduate or equivalent experience.5. proved skills in business and financial management. 6. Demonstrated king to work with student member owners. 7. Demonstrated qualification to work in a proactively diverse and inclusive organization. 8. Excellent, proven interpersonal, communicative and written communications skills. 9. Demonstrated ability to manage and supervise a staff team. 10. Effective problem solving and mediation skills.11. Demonstrated ability to share skills and knowledge with others. 12. Proficiency with office computer equipment and software. 13. Demonstrated ability to multi task and work in a fast paced office setting. 14. Proven ability to cope with conflict, stress and crisis situations.III/ TYPES OF EXECUTIVE JOB translationExecutive job descriptions include JDs as follows1. CEO job description2. Executive Director job description3. Operations manager job description4. Executive assistant job description5. General manager job descriptionSource Executive job description and consultation questions dictionaryIII / Compensation and benefitsNet salary 2.950 USD/month.Email jenny.fatagmail.com

Universal Brotherhood

Theosophical Siftings popular unification Vol 2, No 5 oecumenic Brotherhood by Alexander Fullerton A paper read before the Indo-Aryan T. S. of New York, by Alexander Fullerton Published by the Theosophical issue Services, Duke Street, Adelphi 1889. Reprinted from Theosophical Siftings Volume 2 The Theosophical Publishing Society, England THE term Universal Brotherhood is obviously an ex decennarysion to the solid kind-hearted family of the idea in the word brother, a child of the same p arnts as is singleself.It suggests at once the thought of equal rights, common invades, mutual affection, and responsive c atomic number 18. Moreover, it incites an exalt conception of what might be the state of things throughout the earth if family incompleteness were the law of exclusively feeling, if race and tribal animosities were ended, and if e preciseone felt a reproach perpetrated on a foreigner as keenly as if perpetrated on a relation. This is the reliable view of homo sol idarity, and a vivid timidity of it would abolish national wars, social outrages, and personal in on the dotice.Its unlimited influence in securing peace and approximate-will was seen by the founders of the Theosophical Society, and they proclaimed it as the precise setoff of their and its aims, non as a gracious sentiment, non as a pleasing phrase, alone as a pattern of action, a nub of social regeneration. If we did non believe in it, thither would be no Aryan society, there would be no meeting tonight. And yet the very detail that it is a principle and not a sentiment warrants both(prenominal) examination into its nature.If a principle, it essentialiness hurl a etymon, essential hold water analogy to other principles, must be capable of practical uses, and in analogous manner must be subject to limitations and just restrictions. As the term Universal Brotherhood is derivative, we whitethorn properly look for these in the primary, and thus suppose facts as to the universal human family from facts in the domestic families which epitomize it. Now, when we spot to search for that which constitutes the cohesive influence in a family, we shall scrape it, I think, to be none other than that which constitutes cohesive influence bothwhere else affinity. It posteriornot be the mere fact of relationship.That is altogether casual. We do not select our relations, any more than than than we select our temperament. Nor can it be the closeness of association. That is quite as likely to arouse hostility as friendship and, indeed, the peculiar bristliness of family quarrels is proverbial. Nor can it be the consciousness of common parentage, for the parents may be pixilated and anything but a source of ruinony. Nor can it be the likeness of disposition, for the dissimilarity of traits in children is notorious. Nor is it any necessary oneness of liaison, for Page 4 interests in a household are very apt to be conflicting and to excite animosit y.Nor guide it be an instinct of union against aggressors, for that would besides operate in uncivilized communities or those under feudal laws. wholly when if it is no one of these things, what is it ? Here, again, we must peer into actual families and so learn. Our own observation will take the stand us that, where the family tie is very strong, it is where the fractions acquit the same tastes, ideas, pursuits, aims. Where the family tie is loose, it is where the members have variant convictions, differ in likes and habits, hold to separate standards of faith or duty. Where certain Page 1 Theosophical Siftings Universal BrotherhoodVol 2, No 5 members are in one group and certain others in a second, it is seen that in from all(prenominal) one reason some common unselfishness in opinion, taste, what not cements the units. And where, as is not infrequently the case, some one member is opposed the rest, and takes his associates wholly without the domestic circle, it i s because the family character is not his, and his social wants must be met elsewhere. There is no mystery in any of this it is all an illustration of the workings of affinity. And affinity, as all(prenominal) Occult student insists, is like every other force, far stronger in the immaterial regions of brainpower and oul than on the material plane of flesh and blood. In other words, the attraction between deuce sympathetic souls is incomparably more powerful than that between two bodies which happen to have had the same parents. moreover what, pipe down further, is the ground-work for this affinity ? Analyzing affinities, we find that all such as are purely selfish or distinctly bad in quality can be but transient. That rogues will sooner or later fall out is a maxim, but it is no less true that associations for self-interest are weak just in the degree that each party feels his own interest to be supreme.Conversely, the enduring ties are those between men of finer mould, where principle has recognition and force, where high sentiments of justice and generosity rule, where, in short, egoism is subordinated to altruism. The mavin subsisting between the sympathetic members of a household must have its root in such qualities, or it will not last long. The only security for the continuance of affinities is, therefore, in the goodness of each party. If these are the facts in a domestic circle, they must be the facts in the universal human family, the Brotherhood of which Theosophy speaks. Affinity determines the coherence of its particles.We do not expect the shrewd to consort with the fool, the intelligent to delight in the stupid, the broad minded to commiserate with the petty, the refined with the rough, the generous with the mean, the tactful with the blundering, the cheery with the gruntling Mrs. Gummidges, the high principled with the baseborn principled. Like naturally, and very properly, seeks like. The mere fact that two men each possess a human nature is not of itself a very strong bond, for they may not agree as to what constitutes human nature, or as to its really valuable qualities, or as to the aim of cosmea or how it is to be pursued.The affinity, and therefore the attraction, begins where a similar opinion, taste, desire, faculty manifests itself, when, as we swear, they have Page 5 something in common. There must be slenderly of interest in a person, or he will not be interesting. So also, in the human brother as in the family brother, the duration of the attraction depends upon the goodness of it. There is every variety of cohesion, from the lithe and ephemeral relations on the lowest planes of life to the lofty intimacies of majestic souls, such as are immortalized by history in the case of Damon and Pythias, and by sacred writings in the case of Jesus and St.John may I not add the case of those two exalted beings whom Theosophists respect as the unseen prompters of their own Society, but whose names they d o not lightly voice? Let it be understood closely unflinchingly that Theosophy demands from each man to all men equal rights, constant courtesy, respect for feelings, kindly consideration, unstinting justice, ready help, unselfish effort. wholeness unerring test of the Theosophic life sentence is its persistency in according all these things.It is always the case, however, that the sentiment has to be bridled by reason, and the history of all philanthropic efforts shows that they are futile, if not injurious, where they prevail considerations of equal reality, or ignore laws which are just as unquestionable as sympathies. Theosophy would be unique in human experience if it ran no such risks, or if it were always presented with the cool and balanced judgment of well-trained thinkers. Those of you who are au courant with Theosophical writings know how constantly the faculty of favoritism must be kept in use, and with what care one has to check against Page 2Theosophical Sifting s Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 faulty argument, or extreme positions, or one-sided statements. The doctrine of Universal Brotherhood is specially an illustration, for it is a noble thought in itself, it inspires rich pictures of future possibilities, and it holds just the sentiment which to a half-thinker appears unlimited in its scope. Hence, we encounter representations of it some measure effusive, sometimes dogmatic, sometimes extravagant, very rarely such as are judicious and impartial.Now, in a general way, it may be said that no theory can be correct which of necessity contravenes any laws or facts clearly demonstrated. While the doctrine of Universal Brotherhood may be true, any particular exposition of its use is but a theory, and, as such, is subject to this criterion. We know for instance that justice, truth, the welfare of society, the operation of certain habits in social life, the superiority of principle to impulse, are facts, and that it is a law that they canno t be disregarded without harm. Any plan purporting to disregard them and yet void the harm traverses this law, and so, whatever plausibility it may wear is really fallacious. A true theory of Universal Brotherhood, one which takes in these and cognates facts and laws, has nothing to fear when confronted with them. But it is in that confronting, that the error of a mistaken theory is brought to view, and, as there is no religion higher than truth, we Theosophists should rejoice in any act upon which discloses illusion or confirms reality. Page 6 Let us take an illustration. We not infrequently meet the assertion that, because all men are brothers, tenderness is the only fitting treatment for them.This assumes seven things ( 1) that all kinds of conduct are authorize to one kind of return (2) that the same result is produced on unlike characters by a like treatment (3) that the cultivation of a nose out of justice is to be reserved for public officials, and has no place in private development (4) that no collateral evils result from unmerited sympathy (5) that we are wiser than Nature as she shows herself in her constant operations ( 6) that a one-sided culture is better than such as is symmetrical ( 7) that a common nature in the lower human principles is more essential than a common interest in the higher.Not one of these things is true. It is not the fact that the moral sense views all acts as of equal moral quality, and accordingly it cannot be the fact that it accords to them a like reward. It is not the fact that assorted natures respond in the same way to the same treatment, as every schoolhouse and every family can testify.It is not the fact that only settle are to cultivate and exhibit a sense of justice, for that sense which is, indeed, the most abstract of all, the most difficult to attain, and the one indicative of the finest training is simply the one most effective in restraining aggression, and especially to be evolved in the interior de velopment of every intelligent disciple. It is not the fact that undiscriminating tenderness draws no evils in its train, as may be shown by the statistics of either pauperism or criminality.It is not the fact that the sentimentalist effectuate more good than natural law, the whole doctrine of Karma being indirectly to the contrary. It is not the fact that we become more god-like if we educate our sympathies at the write down of our reason, and grow more rounded as we grow more flabby. It is not a fact that we are more truly at one with others because of having a fleshly body than because of a united spirit of life and truth. Nor, indeed, is this theory borne out by the state of things in family brotherhoods.There are good brothers and bad brothers. No one claims that they are to be regarded and treated alike. a great deal forbearance may naturally be exercised from good-will, but there of ten comes an occasion when the claims of justice, the rights of others, and the well-being of a whole household require that a member Page 3 Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 shall be exiled and tabooed. Could anything be more monstrous than the claim that a brother, because a brother, was at license to ill-treat with impunity the rest of the family ?If your brother steals your property, can he ask you to save him from jail because your brother? You would probably respond that, that was a reason why he should refrain from robbing you, not a reason why he should be allowed to rob you and escape punishment. One can not claim the privileges of a relationship while repudiating its obligations, and it would be strange indeed if, the closer the connection, the more one was at liberty to poison and outrage it. Similarly as to the Universal Brotherhood.There are times when severity is Page 7 a necessity. The great eternal law of Right is more cogent than any sentimental sympathy the stern arm of judge cannot be paralyzed by whimperings or regrets the far -reaching needs of the whole family are more worthy of regard than the momentary compact of a scamp. We have no right to sacrifice the well- behaved to the ill-behaved, to juggle with the moral sense, to chase away the moral standard and treat evil as if good. If Theosophy so taught us, it would be anything but a boon.I do not believe that it does. I do not believe that it teaches any doctrines enfeebling to the moral nerves or disastrous to the social life, and if it did, it would be contradicted by its own grand and aboriginal principle Karma, the vindication of justice. And so it is that tenderness is not always a duty. There are occasions when in speech, in act, in reconciling function, we are to resist and rebuke our brothers who are unbrotherly. A man does not lose his claim to proper treatment by becoming aTheosophist, and if he does not lose the claim, he does not lose the right to employ the claim. Nor, in becoming a Theosophist, does he engage to close his look to tr uth of any kind or in any quarter, or to stupefy any department of his moral system, or to encourage onesidedness and disproportion. Theosophy, I take it, honours Aristides quite as truly as St. John. But, you will say, what scope does this leave for the operation of the fraternal sentiment ? I reply, much every way, more than any of us will be likely to fulfil. Truth is many-sided.There is room for kindly allowance, for generous interpretation, for patience, and interest, and good-will. There is spacious range for the philanthropic sentiment, for the fostering of all rich and noble charities, for the fortunate beneficence which loves to shed happiness around. It by no means follows that because evil-doers have to be checked, nobody is to be cheered. If the bad forfeit your consideration, there are plenty remaining who do not. There is not the slightest danger that a benevolent spirit, however coupled with a discriminating mind, will find itself at loss for objects.If every other outlet failed, there would still be the work of the Theosophical Society, which certainly in its animus and its rapture to disseminate the most ennobling of motives cannot be surpassed in fraternal feeling. each(prenominal) of us can participate in that, and so exemplify and open the Brother principle. Yet, as in families, so in the broad human fraternity, the instinct of affinity will work. The Theosophist does not pretend that his greatest interest is in things upon the surrounding plane. It is rather his doctrine that higher planes are equally open to aspiration and vastly richer in satisfaction.His fuller sympathies most naturally go out to those who are like-minded. As a man of letter does not find much congeniality in the ignorant or the addle-brained, so neither does an etherialized nature in such as are dull to the immaterial. In the upper regions of thought and intuition there must be livelier motions of concurrent feeling, larger ranges for common effort, more inspiri ng topics for mind and heart. As the developing spirit ascends to higher plateaux, it meets fewer Page 8 comrades, but it finds them more congenial.If the swarming mass of humanity remains below, it is not his fault, but theirs. He does not discard the relationship, but he detects the finer qualities of it on his own level. And should any man complain that he does not secure Page 4 Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 from the Theosophist that unlimited sympathy which the term Universal Brotherhood might seem to imply, the Theosophist might say to him, as the Adept says to the Theosophist, Dont ask us to descend come up here yourself. Page 5

American Revolution Essay

The American mutation is said to be unrivalled of the most impacted events that shaped America into what it is today. The American Revolution was excessively known as the American War of Independence, which lasted for eight long frightening years. There were many causes that caused the revolution which also lead to terrible events afterwards (although some of the outcomes were good). One of the causes was the Stamp and dirty money Acts, 17631766. The Stamp Act (1765) was intentional to raise revenue from the American colonist in the thirteen colonies. (landofthebrave.com) The Sugar Act (1764) set a tax on sugar and molasses that was trade into the colonies, and also taxed other foreign trading goods. (historyrocket.com) Another cause of the American Revolution was the Boston put to death and Boston Tea Party, 1770-1773. The Boston Massacre was a protest against the tax collectors, government officials and merchants, British troop were called in to handle the crowds, but whe n they got there the crowd had grew.When the crowd and armament fought, only 5 civilians were killed. The Boston Tea Party happened on declination 16, 1773, which was when the crowd in Boston dressed up disguised as American Indians, then they boarded ships which contained the tea, and then proceeded to dump 342 chests of tea that belonged to the East India beau monde into the sea. Another cause of the war was that the American colonies had a growing supplicate of freedom, to get away from the British. One of the effects that came out of the American Revolution was the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of independence was written in July of 1776, by doubting Thomas Jefferson. It explained why the colonies have overthrown their ruler and chosen to take their place as a separate nation in the world. (sparknotes.com)The Declaration Independence was to submit the way that the colonies were now their own, not under British rule anymore. muckle in the United States of Ame rica now celebrate this very fussy holiday every year on July 4. Another effect of the American Revolution was the Bill of Rights, December 15, 1791. The first ten amendments of the Constitution be known as the Bill of Rights, and are ten of the most main(prenominal) amendments written in many peoples opinion. After the war, trading with other countries in the Mediterranean became even more difficult. This was because there was a lack of resistance by British navy from all of the pirates out in the feed sea.

Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mennonites and other practitioners in Ontario, Canada, and later in Indiana, experimented with dupe wrongdoer encounters that led to programs in these communities and later became models for programs throughout the world. tonic water umpire possibility developed initially from these particular efforts (Zehr, 2002) . The restorative justice movement earlier began as an effort to rethink the ask which discourtesys create, as well as the roles implicit in crimes. Restorative justice advocates were concerned about needs that were non being met in the usual justice process (Zehr, 2002) .The vile justice trunks approach to justice has some important strengths. Yet, thither is also a growing acknowledgment of this dodgings limits and failures. Victims, offenders, and participation members often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. legal expert professionals, who make up the core components, such as judge, lawyers, prosecutors, probation and parole officers, a nd prison house staff frequently express a sense of frustration as well. Many feel that the process of justice deepens societal wounds and conflicts rather than alter to healing or peace (Zehr, 2002) .Interdisciplinary study and research in humans safety and restorative justice is very important. Restorative justice at this day in age will not replace the modern court system, but it offers an alternative resolution service for people who emergency to try another approach. For example, some places are offering mediated victim and offender residential district conferences. These conferences provide facilitators to help victims and offenders seek reconciliation and resolution. Restorative justice seeks alternatives to continue to put more and more people in jail.Restorative justice seeks sentences that make amends to the victim of crime and to the community as a whole (Zehr, 2002) . Restorative Justice 3 My connect feel of study is criminal justice. The criminal justice system i s not a perfect system by far. The criminal justice system is concerned about holding offenders accountable, but that authority making sealed offenders get the punishment they deserve. The restorative justice approach focuses on the slander that has been done to people, individually and as a community.Restorative justice recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur and also recognizes that after it does, in that location are dangers and opportunities. Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative byproducts of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability. Real accountability involves facing up to what one has done. It means encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their behavior, the harms they have done, and urging them to take step to put things right as much as possible (Zehr, 2002) .Restorative justice and the criminal justice system are two systems that have incompatible views. Restora tive justice focuses on harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. It recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur, and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities (Kelly, 2001) . The criminal justice system has three core components, police, courts, and corrections. distributively core component has a different bureau in the criminal justice system. The police functions are to enforce proper(postnominal) laws, investigate specific crimes, earch people, vicinities, buildings, arrest or detain people. The police function is primarily a function of cities and states (Overview, 2008). The courts functions are broken down into prosecutors, judges and magistrates. The prosecutors file charges or petitions for adjudication, seek indictments, drop cases and reduce charges. Restorative Justice 4 The judges and magistrates set bail or conditions for release, accept pleas, determine delinquency, dismiss charges, everyplaceturn s entences, and revoke probation (Overview, 2008). The corrections components are correctional officials and paroling authorities.Correction officials assign to oddball of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions. The paroling authorities determine go through and conditions of parole and revoke parole. Corrections are a primary function of the state and government (Overview, 2008). Throughout the United States the criminal justice system is in a state of crisis. The public is fearful and angry. Practitioners are put on and frustrated. Criminal justice policy is driven more by story than systematic information. Costs of current policies are not sustainable over long periods. Victims are often re-victimized in the process.

Discretionary Fiscal Policy

The effect of clock m lags in discretional fiscal policy in the stinting exploitation and development by the congress and the chair captures a broad sparing phenomenon. A discretionary fiscal policy is the level of legislative parameters which ar used as action policies for providing remark for the effect of control of economic recession. However, the most adequate system of recession control using discretionary fiscal policy relate to an estimation of the most adequate age period with which such recession period is to operate in so as to provide the most lucrative legislative tools.(http//www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) However, a fuss exists in estimating the most appropriate economic periods between the upswings and the downswings which the congress and the president is to apply such policies. Since discretionary tools are only used to tramp out the bother founded by economy in recession, the relevant stimulus which is a applied for such contr ol are only time constrained and functional if the estimated states of recession is still in occupation.However, a problem mounts on when other various economic shocks which cause time differential hits the economy leading to subjective sub-optimal controls by the discretionary fiscal policies. Since, the stipulation of the economy is difficult to access in terms of its length/ distich and the states of capacity and economic implication, the use of discretionary fiscal policy would because become difficult. (http//www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) Either, time lags are sensitive variables in defining the image of economic constancy.Generally, time lags may cause preferential economic unbalance where such tools used to overcome their effects become negatively implicating. Either, economic recession is purely a bad state which would even agree economic stability. At recession, the state of GDP in terms of centre supply and also aggregate demand are usual ly not at equilibrium. When the tools for economic recession become counteractive, the state economic stability is therefore compromised. Misappropriated time lags lead to disequilibria in the economic markets. filename extensionOptions for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness. Retrieved on 11th March 2008 form, http//www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText.4.1.shtml

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

The early 1920s art run of surrealism was founded by Andre Breton, a French writer. Comp ard to other art groups or movements, surrealism center on evoking the unconscious in photograph. Members of this group showed immense importance in illustrating a more profound reality revealed by the unconscious forefront. closely of the surrealists have unusual portrayal of images in their images. They create visuals that go beyond mere painting to reach a pertly level of reality. This superior approach in creating a provocative image is derived from the surrealists day-dreams.The products of their subconscious mind combined with the concept of enigma or mystery have been their dream in producing eccentric but remarkable masterpieces (Artbeyondsight. com). One of the famous Surrealist painters who is well-known(a) for his bizarre ideas and eccentric behaviors was Salvador Dali. Most of his fine arts became and integral part in the betterment of the Surrealist aesthetic. His main objective was to materialize images of concrete irrationality with the most imperialistic fury of precision. More so, Dalis paintings illustrated dream-like images but these were treated with precision and handsome details that made the viewers enter a hallucinatory adorn. Dali named these paintings with dream and fantasy theme as hand-painted dream photographs. In these artworks, unusual view of images and the modification of a specific form into another completely new form were evident. Because of this composition, it appears that most of Dalis paintings defy the principle of Physics. He created images that stand for the irrational and un certain world of the dream (Artbeyondsight. om). In the painting sedulousness of Memory, Dali presented the unusual images of melted watches. Dali said that the elements present in this particular painting are nothing else, but the Camembert cheese of space and clipping tender, outlandish, caveman and critical-paranoiac (3d-dali. com, 2 008). This painting can be classified as a landscape painting, a self portrait or a still-life painting. It all depends on the viewers perception and knowledge on how to understand and interpret the painting.In terms of the visual elements exhibited, the background is a beach landscape charm the foreground consists of the strange images of three melted pocket watches, the rectangular box seat and an animal-like creature. The unusual objects created a mysterious effect while the realistic redness and coloring added a realness factor to the painting. At first glance, these whitethorn all seem meaningless and peculiar but if viewers would tactile sensation closely and try to find out the rationale for putting these elements to proposeher, they could get a better grasp of understanding of the paintings and the inner workings of Dalis mind.According to Robert Bradford, the bare, hard outline of the cliffs and the crystal light of the sky are there, but the empty, desert-like expanses of the painting are much closer to the topography of the min, to a dreamscape. The viewers anxiety is fermented precisely through the lack of clues of distance, of recognizable landmark, of time of day, of temperature-it could equally be as hot, or as cold as an unknown planet. We are in an arena of silence, a frozen nightmare, in which nothing moves or make a noise. (p. 146)Overall, the Persistence of Memory is an artwork that takes the viewers into a very interesting world wherein they are transported from the predictable realm of reality to a place filled with ambiguity and peculiarity. The techniques in coloring and brush strokes employed by Dali were conventional but it is the integrative aspects that stand out are the placement and the choice of objects displayed in the painting. This painting ingeniously juxtaposed the real with the make believe which are the native characteristics of Surrealism.References3d-dali.com. (2008). Salavador Dali Painitngs. Retrieved November 28 , 2008, from http//www.3d-dali.com/dali_paintings_analysis_interpretation.htmArtbeyondsight.com. (n.d.). Salvador Dali and Surrealism. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http//www.artbeyondsight.org/ahtts/dali-read.shtmlRadford, R. (1997). Dali. London Phaidon Press Ltd.

Global 1 Review Sheet

Global Review Sheet- FINALS * Anthropologist- someone who studies conclusion * Neolithic revolution agri coating no more nomads settlements * River Valley Civilizations (all the civilizations had 2 rivers except for Egypt) * Mesopotamia * Tigris and Euphrates rivers * Egypt * The Nile river * Indus * The Indus and Ganges rivers * China * Huang He and Yangtze rivers * Mesopotamia * Cuneiform * Code of Hammurabi * The laws were the akin for all citizens but the punishment were different depending on what social contour you belonged to. * Egypt * Hieroglyphics * Pyramids China * Daoism * The Silk Road * The mandate of heaven * Filial piety * Indus * Hinduism * Irrigation * theology Monotheistic Judaism(5,000 years old) Christianity(2012 years old) Islam(1400 years old) Place of Worship synagogue church building Mosque Book of Worship Torah Bible Koran Code of expression 10 commandments 5 Pillars * Polytheistic * Hinduism (over 5,00 years old) * Caste system * metempsychosis * Bu ddhism * Reincarnation, karma, dharma * NO CASTE SYSTEM * 8 fold path and enlightenment * GREECE *democracy* * Mountains * City states * Cultural diversity * Is reduces * Trade * Resources Easily invaded * Mediterranean climate * Alexander the Great * Conquered India, Egypt, and Persia (modern Iran) * Cultural airing * Helenistic * Greek + Iranian * MIDDLE AGES (500 AD)- fall of the roman empire * Very unstable * feudal to keep order stable political system * Manorialism * Castle * Church (Roman Catholic Church in charge of everything more power than the king) * tilth (serf worked the land) * CRUSADES (religious wars) * People joined because they were promised that they would go to heaven * Resulted in cultural diffusion * PLAGUE * Killed ? he population of atomic number 63(short term effect) * Broke down feudal system (long) * Ended the core ages (long) * JAPAN * Archipelago (trade, resources, invasion) * Mountains (terrace farming) * Ring of Fire (afraid of nature shintoism (1 worship that respects nature 2 started with the Ring of Fire and then the Japanese started praying to other things) * europiuman FeudalismJapanese Feudalism * MONGOLIAN EMPIRE (good military, order, flat land=easy travel) * Largest empire * Very accepting of other cultures * Isolated Russia from Europe * Cultural diffusion * **Kublai khan and Marco Polo RENASANCE * Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture * Humanism- when the focus is on the individual * Secularism- non religious * Reasoning- people looked to other things when graven image was no longer a sufficient answer. Ex)science and questioning religion * AZTEC (Mexico) * schedule and chinampas * MAYAS (Central America) * Calendar and pyramids * INCAS (Peru) * Machu Pichu * Terrace farming * Roads * TRADE ROUTES * Silk road * machine-accessible China with the Middle East and Europe * The Middle East was the middle man the only way Europe could get goods from China was by dint of the Middle East and that was pricey. The silk r oad carried silk, spices, Buddhism, Confucianism, and caused cultural diffusion, * Trans Sahara Trade * Carried gold, salt, and Islamic religion * Between North and West Africa. * Colombian Exchange * Included Europe and America * To Europe food * To America forced Christianity and disease * angulate Trade * Included Europe, Africa, and America * Africa supplied slaves to work the crops without pay * The slaves were exploited * Atlantic Slave Trade * America and Africa * PROTESTANT REFORMATION * Martin Luther- 95 theses- complaints to church- pope said that he wont change- Lutheran

The Federal Minimum Wage

The national official negligible charter is a hotly debated return and a main point that invariably separates the beliefs of the democratic company programme from the Republican Party platform. Todays federal minimal pay is $7.25 (Jamieson, 2018). The federal marginal profits is check intod by the FLSA (Fair Labor Standards Act), and has not been make uped from a $7.25 hrly salary since July of 2009.Beca consumption of the lack of advancement, legion(predicate) extracts give up developed their possess methods for determining negligible profit, entirely feder in ally, any addition or entailment must first pass pick outly through the FLSA ( get together States Department of Labor, 2018). States determine their minimal employ by analyzing their hails of bread and thatter which differs depending on location, and analyzing their gross domestic product (gross domestic product) per capita (Stoll, 2014).For example, the stripped-down operate in Montana as of Ja nuary 1, 2018 is $8.30 per time of day whereas in Massachusetts, where the cost of surviving is greatly augmentd, the momently lower limit profit is $11.00. There atomic number 18 29 situates that bring in an increased marginal affiance adjusted specifically to the states cost of living.The bribe in these states range from $7.50 to $12.50 per hour ( unify States Department of Labor, 2018). Even though numerous states already increase their marginal net macrocosmy community living in the United States adduce that the federal marginal charter is entirely too little.The preponderance of secernate suggests that compound magnitude the federal token(prenominal) wage would have little piece on p everywherety and would in time reduce commercial enterprise protective cover and increase unemployment. Other factors that could potentially be affected by an increase in the federal minimum wage include consumer prices, suppressed wages for higher(prenominal) skilled wor kers, and an increase in bysourcing.Prior to the 2016 election the Democratic Party platform was updated and members decided to adopt a $15 per hour minimum wage. They claim that $15 an hour is the only way that American workers can survive and advocate their families. The push towards an increase in federal minimum wage began in New York City four historic period ago when a group of fast-food workers went on strike.The vogue caught the attention of many popular political figures and eventually the members grouped together to form the fightfor15 movement (Seitz-Wald, 2016). Experts that claim the federal minimum wage is not sufficient to support a family and live comfortably argue that an increase to the federal minimum wage would provide an important lift to over 2.2 one million million volume in the United States (Lu, 2017).Usually these experts pop their arguments stating that the federal minimum wage real amounts have eroded nearly 25% since 1968 (Scott & Perez, 2017).The federal minimum wage amounts to only $15,080 annually for full time employment. $15,080 is such a low annual income, experts predict that it is one of the main reasons why living standards have declined nationwide. This number may also contri exclusivelye to the decline in economic stability, and the shrinking middle class (Lu, 2017).On a topic level, supporters of the minimum wage increase provide data that proves the federal minimum wage should be at least $12.00 per hour based on the United States GDP. A poll taken by The Economist reports that over 1.3 million concourse work at minimum wage, and nearly 1.7 million work below it, thus meaning these employees are not salaried hourly earlier are tipped employees (Komlos, 2015).Many mess would confederate a push for minimum wage strictly with larger cities and areas where the cost of living is significantly above average, however even in Montana, a republican dominated state, many citizens still are pushing for a higher mini mum wage. Swartz, a home care worker residing in Great Falls, Montana claims that the amount she makes working for three caregiving agencies is simply not enough to support herself comfortably.The three agencies all pay over both(prenominal) the federal minimum wage and Montanas state minimum wage but due to the inconsistency of craft hours she claims that making ends meet every calendar month can be a difficult task. Swartz claims that typically most split of low-wage workers are overlooked. People who do not make low wages and are not forced to work 70+ hour work weeks do not understand the struggle. Swartz also states that Home-care workers, who help people stay in their homes and live with dignity, deserve a $15-an-hour minimum wage. accustomed to Swartzs article is a report published by The Alliance for a Just Society, which claims that the living wage in Montana is $14.36 an hour for a single person with no dependents. Montana determines their state minimum wage using the Consumer Price Index, and updates it annually according to the index. Still however, 3,329 Montana employees f etcetera minimum wage which makes up well-nigh 1.2% of the entire workforce.Over half(prenominal) of Montanas minimum wage workers are older than 25 and over 60% are women (Jay, 2016). Beginning January 1, 2018 Montana again cost increased its minimum wage standard to $8.30 per hour. Governor Steve Bullock addressed the issue in an telecommunicate that read People who work full time for a living shouldnt be living in poorness.This modest increase in minimum wage means more(prenominal) than Montana workers will have a little redundant money in their pockets, The workers who Bullock may have been addressing include workers in the accommodations and food industry and also the retail manage industry who are restreamly the largest number of workers that receive minimum wage (Tribune Capital Bureau, 2017).On the contrary, many experts counterclaim that an increase in min imum wage is not the extreme poverty tool that the Democratic Party is hoping for. In fact, one of the biggest arguments against raising minimum wage is the thinking of idiosyncratic states already taking care of the low wage issue.As say previously Montana, is one of 29 states that already adopted a minimum wage that is higher than the federal minimum wage, and many experts believe that if states were to adjust their incomes according to their cost of living, etc. that would be better fitting rather than adjusting the entire nations minimum wage. Dr. Simon Johnson, MIT Sloan expert, claims that raising the federal minimum wage would in reality have unintended consequences, in the sense of reducing hiring and potentially increasing unemployment.He states It is unlikely that states with lower living costs would be subject to support a $15 per hour minimum wage increase, musical composition property hiring processes and current employment rates the same. He proposes a gradual, bit by bit increase to the minimum wage that would occur over time.A forceful increase to $15 per hour would be too abrupt and would have career-changing consequences. A study completed by Harvards Economic Department points out that most minimum wage earners are second or terzetto job holders in households with other income sources. This could include teenagers, summer employees, etc. other group that comes to mind when thinking about minimum wage workers is retirees who already receive financial benefits from savings and social security. It is unlikely that an increase in minimum wage would truly benefit the nation, simply because some people working for minimum wage are not attempting to support dependents or themselves entirely.Usually, they are people who are looking for a little extra money rather than needing money to pay for utilities, a house, a car, etc. An even more concerning drawback of raising minimum wage is the elimination of jobs. If the United States government were to demand businesses to pay entry-level workers $15 an hour there would be a huge decrease in job security and job availability.Because, most businesses do not pay entry-level workers at this wage, if they were required to do so, they may attempt to find other means of labor including robots, computers, or other advanced technology. In fact, the Nonpartisan Congressional Budget percentage estimated that former President Obamas proposed $10.10 minimum wage, once fully implemented and in use, would reduce total employment by about 500,000 workers. Below is a political cartoon that shows the adverse effects of raising the current minimum wage.Although, many low-wage workers support and advocate for the idea of earning a $15 per hour wage, its effects could actually be deteriorating. Statistics show that raising the federal minimum wage to $15.00 per hour the United States pretends eliminating roughly 550,000 part-time jobs and even if the minimum wage was raised to only $9.50 pe r hour nearly 1.3 million jobs could be lost.Previously, the United States has raised the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.25, and adversely only 15 percent of the workers who were expected to gain from it lived in poor households. If the minimum wage today were to be raised to $9.50 per hour, only 11 percent of current minimum wage workers living in poverty would gain from this increase.In 2012, a study completed by the Wilson Review claims that both state and federal minimum wage increases between 2003 and 2007 had no effect on state poverty rates. Thus, proving the idea that increasing minimum wage does not provide a tool for lowering poverty levels. David Neumark and William Wascher performed over deoxycytidine monophosphate minimum wage studies and comprise that about deuce-thirds of the studies had negative effects on unemployment.Thus, meaning that with an increase in minimum wage business owners and corporations would be forced to decrease their labor force and potentially cu t long-time in employees in order to compensate for the wage increase. Half of the countrys workforce is utilize by small businesses. raising the federal minimum wage is ofttimes cast largely as a necessity to ensure that many workers are able to earn a decent living, but in reality its a complex issue.An example of this complexity has occurred in Oakland atomic number 20 in March of 2015 after they increased their statewide minimum wage by 36%, from $9.00 to $12.25 per hour. The effects are varying but some restaurants have raised their food pricing by nearly 20%, or adding a mandatory service charge and doing away with intended tips.The issue, business owners recognize and are working hard to resolve is determination the balance between paying a decent wage and keeping customers rather than driving them away. Some people claim that aside from the direct cost of doing business from salaries, they are also paying more for goods and run in their own communities.They question wh ether or not a higher wage will raise the cost of living for all employees, including those who soon earn a high-wage. Critics who are against raising the minimum wage also claim that if every entry-level worker was paid $15 an hour to begin with, many would lose incentive to get an education and move up to a higher-paying jobs.Ira Stoll, a minimum wage evaluator, states that The lower the minimum wage, the more eager a minimum wage worker would be to enroll in a community college course at night, improve his/her skills, and apply for a higher-paying job. Stoll also states that, Making the entry-level jobs higher paying increases the risk that workers will get stuck in them for longer instead of moving on to something more rewarding.Another point that many supporters fail to bring about is the idea of freedom of contract. This freedom is not directly protected by the constitution, but it as seen as a natural right and should be exercised. President Kennedy once said The rights of man come not from the benignity of the state but from the hand of God. Thus, meaning that if two free people want to enter into a voluntary contract or concord that does not infringe on anyone elses rights or wellbeing the government has no right to step in and stop the deal that is being made. Experts use the idea of freedom of contract to prove that the government should not be involved in every contract made between two people.If a man wants to work for another for $5 an hour, and the other man wants to hire him and pay him $5 an hour than the government should have no authority to infringe on this deal. Raising the federal minimum wage would also affect welfare spending and could potentially increase taxes.Raising the federal minimum wage puts money into the pockets of the working poor people, but this occurs at the expense of business owners. By raising the minimum wage, politicians are taking the roundabout approach of minimum wage increase, rather than twist actual politi cal support for these policies.A report published by the Cato Institute claims that evidence shows minimum wage increase disproportionately accidental injury the people theyre supposed to help. In this article the Institute cites a 2012 abridgment of the New York State minimum wage increase from $5.15 to $6.75 per hour that base a 20.2 to 21.8 percent reduction in the employment of younger, little-educated individuals. They also visor that since 1995, eight studies have examined the income and poverty effects of minimum wage increases, and all but one of those studies have found that past minimum wage hikes had no effect on poverty.One of the largest concerns experts share about a federal minimum wage increase is the impact it would entail on consumer prices.Basically, to raise minimum wage means to pay more people more money which has to be supplied from somewhere. Experts against the increase claim that the extra money will come from increased consumer prices.The 2012 Wilson Review notes A 2004 review of more than 20 minimum wage studies looking at price effects found that a 10 percent increase in the U.S. minimum wage raises food prices by up to 4 percent. To back up this idea a report posted by the Federal Reserve shore of Chicago states that restaurant prices increase in response to minimum wage increases.The federal minimum wage is at a lower real value than it once was, but in order to change it righteousness makers are going to have to look deeper into the problem rather than attempting to change the outcome quickly by increasing the minimum wage in all states to $15.00 hourly. Our country is unique in the nature that each state is able to make and regulate their own minimum wage and this bailiwick is better dealt with inside certain states than from the federal government as a whole.There is most definitely a need in the United States to implement a method to decrease the rising poverty level, but this method should not be an increase in feder al minimum wage because this method is directly related to rising prices, higher unemployment, job loss, and lack of job security.Small businesses, as stated previously, make up approximately 50% of the nations workforce and if the government were to demand these businesses to pay their kickoff employees $12 or more, the businesses would be forced to either higher less people, lay off long term workers, or even more devastating, shutdown.This method proves ineffective in decreasing the families living underneath the poverty line and instead harms those workers who are higher-skilled and higher-paid.

Land Use around the world

Land Use Around the argonna Created by Jennifer Papacy This designation Involves you playing a plot online, so you will hasten to open a separate browser or tab to approach the website and have uninterrupted time and Internet access to complete. cave in sure your read the assignment first to see what you choose to focus on, as you will have to do a relieve up on what you observed. The website is www. Guessers. Com and you tolerate play as many clock as you want for freely Each game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the cosmea oh are, so play for a firearm to get handlingd to the controls, and take your time to really explore the locations.Guessers engagements the Google channel view imagery to drop you nearwhere in the world where you can navigate and explore, and you have to guess where and then click on the world map on the right hand side(you can zoom in) and ask exactly in the world where you withdraw it is. It will then split up you how close you were, and then continue on to the next location, for a score of five rounds per game. The point of this assignment is not to see how good you are at guessing, merely to have oh examine husbandry consumption differences In locations you are dropped Into.Make sure you have reviewed the chapter 12 concepts on ground use so you can answer the following questions while demonstrating your knowledge and concord of those concepts. Also make sure you write down exactly where you were for the assignment Load the answers into the assignment by either cutting and pasting into the text misfortune or uploading as a link. This is worth a maximum of 50 points, and you will be graded on completeness and demonstration of knowledge of concepts on land use and other lass concepts.After playing for a while, lead and tell me the exact two locations you visited that have different land use patterns and compare and contrast in a mini paper/ strive explaining if you think the areas have ha d good land use planning or not, and which area you would rather live and why. Answer at a stripped-down the following questions In the assignment and Incorporate concepts from the book and class on land use and other topics we have covered (water, energy, etc. ) meretriciousness of land use with descriptionDid they develop well with the landscape and resources (was it well mean or after the fact) Is area one of the following or something else, with reasons listed why Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, urban, Rural, Slum, Farmland? Population Density? sparing factors- do you feel this area is affluent or not, why or why not? Aesthetic Issues? Transportation/infrastructure observed and overall condition Natural Resource condition- do you think the ecosystems are well-informed there? What seems good, what seems degraded? Water resources adequate?Other resources? What do you think the ecological footprint of residents would be(low, mid high) and why? Would you live here, why or why not? What could be done to Improve land use planning In this area, or how would you have done It otherwise? For some of these questions you may have to make a judgment omen but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence. Land Use virtually the world By Tweets This assignment involves you playing a game online, so you will have to open a internet access to complete. Make sure your read the assignment first to see what ereEach game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the world you examine land use differences in locations you are dropped into. Make sure you following questions in the assignment and incorporate concepts from the book and Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, Urban, Rural, here, why or why not? What could be done to improve land use planning in this area, or how would you have done it differently? For some of these questions you may have to make a Judgment call but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence.

Life Ambitions Essay

Owen Stuart Phillips-Statement of Am fleckions and Life Purpose reconnoitering has taught me many things about myself. It is a giving part of who I am now and it will stay with me forever. by means of Scouting, I be obtain learned the importance of preparation, personal responsibility, service to others, and lead skills. I first started out with Cub Scouts where I earned either rank and received my Arrow of Light. After Cub Scouts, I go across over to Boy Scouts and joined Troop 40. I have been exceedingly involved with my Troop and I have done almost everything they have had to offer. I am proud of the fact that I will be the 6th member of my extended family (cousins) to earn the rank of double birdie Scout from Troop 40, all under the guidance of the same Scoutmaster, Mr. Clifton Glover. I device on staying involved Scouts to improve on my leadership skills and earn supererogatory merit badges. I would also like to earn the three Eagle Palms. In school I am an honor roll student.I am in the band and I have received awards at band competitions in Greenville at ECU and Music Performance Adjudication held in Jacksonville. When I was in the 5th grade I completed the DARE course of instruction which stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education. We were required to write a 2 page essay to complete the course. The winning essay would be pick up aloud by the student at the graduation ceremony. My essay won the competition, I received a trophy and I was very proud. I play sports such as football, baseball, and wrestling. I have been team overlord in football. I was also asked to participate in a early days football instructional video for Championship Productions.The video was filmed at Wingate University with other youth players and college coaches, demonstrating football drills and fundamentals. The video will be sell to youth players and coaches nationwide. After I graduate High School, I have strong interests in applying to our Military Service Academ ies. I would like to be an officer in the Military because I feel like I can be a leader instead of a follower. I started getting strong interests in the Military Academies when we went on a camp out to the United States Military Academy at West Point. It was a great experience and I absolutely loved every bit of it. If it was not for Scouting, I would have not had that opportunity. I enjoy maths and engineering, and would like to pursue a career in this area in the military, such as a combat engineer.

Role Clarity Through Competency Mapping

04-Oct-12 1 human being imaginativeness focussing Overview Management Essentials Management is the process of efficiently and effectively achieving the objectives of the organization with and through peck. What is an presidency? Purpose Structure People Management Essentials Primary Functions of Management be after establishing goals. Organizing determining what activities need to be done. Leading assuring the right people are on the business and motivated. Controlling monitoring activities to be accepted goals are met. Human Resource Management process of acquiring, utilizing, improving, and preserving an organizations orkforce. set of organisational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective work force. All accomplished to achieve organizational objectives Human Resources Process Recruitment Orientation/ Training Human Resource supply movement Compensation External Influences External Influences Disengagement survival of the fittest system of rulesal Boundaries Organizational Boundaries 04-Oct-12 2 HRM Process 1. Human Resource Planning Forecasting Demand Supply and Job Analysis. 2. Staffing the Organization Recruitment, Selecting, and Orientation. 3. Developing the custody Training and Performance Appraisal. . Compensation and realise Wages and Salaries, Incentive and Benefit Programs. Basic Functions of HRM Staffing Human Resource Development Compensation Safety and health Employee and Labor Relations Importance of HRM to an Organization concerned with the people dimension. it is both(prenominal) staff (support) function (assists line employees) and function of every managers pipeline. Importance of HRM to an Organization The strategical Nature support the business schema assist in maintaining competitive advantage. determines value added to the organization Importance of HRM to an Organization Changing purlieu, Changing HR managers roles (HRM today requires a new aim of soph istication) Jobs have become more technical and skilled. Employment legislation has lay new requirements on employers. Traditional job boundaries blurred with advent of date teams, telecommuting, etc. Global competition has increased demands for productivity. Human Resource support Recruiter EEO coordinator Training specialist Labor relations specialist Job analyst Compensation manager HR Certification 04-Oct-12 3 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HRM Recruitment Orientation/ Training Human Resource Planning Performance CompensationOrganizational Boundaries External Influences Disengagement Selection External Influences Organizational Boundaries legal considerations semipolitical parties unions shareholders association competition customers economy technology unanticipated events labor securities industry HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Internal Environment External Environment Marketing Operations Finance Others legal considerations labor grocery store society political parties uni ons shareholders competition customers technology economy unanticipated events Organizational Environments reexamination ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HRM Environmental Influences on HRM Legal considerations Labor market ball club Political parties Unions Shareholders competitor Customers Economy Technology Management ideal Unanticipated events Environmental Influences on HRM Legal Considerations Governmental Legislation discipline/local. Laws directing employer and employee actions. Labor Market Potential employees located within certain(a) geographic area always changing. Workforce diversity. Environmental Influences on HRM Society (ethics/social responsibility) Act ethically and responsibly, to remain acceptable to the general public. Unions assort of employees. Bargain (joint decisions) with management n members behalf. Third party dealing with the company. 04-Oct-12 4 Environmental Influences on HRM Shareholders Owners. May challenge managements p rograms. Competition In product/service and labor markets. Maintain supply of skilled employees. Environmental Influences on HRM Customers Employment practices not to antagonize Capable workforce for quality output. Economy Booming difficult getting qualified workers. downswing more applicants available. Different economies in same country. Environmental Influences on HRM HR Technology Innovations has led to Human Resource Information dusts (HRIS). HRIS (Assignment WHAT IS HRIS? ) used to have and track information for HR decisions recruitment, benefits administration, safeguarding confidential information. Social Networking Virtual fraternity people use internet to communicate blogs, LinkedIn, Facebook, etc. Environmental Influences on HRM Management Thought (Management practices) Scientific management Behavioral approach System approach (Reading Assignment) Contingency approach Environmental Influences on HRM Unanticipated Events unanticipated occurrence s. Require tremendous amount of adjustment. CHANGING STRATEGIC ROLE OF HR 04-Oct-12 5Changing Strategic image of HR HRs Changing mathematical function Questions Can some HR tasks be performed more efficiently by line managers or outside vendors? Can some HR tasks be centralized or eliminated altogether? Can technology perform some of the tasks that were previously done by HR personnel? Changing Strategic Role of HR Who is Responsible for HRM Tasks? Human resource managers HR outsourcing professed(prenominal) employer organization (employee leasing) Line managers Changing Strategic Role of HR Human Resource Manager Historically , responsible for HR functions. Staff efficiency support other managers on HR matters. Today, getting smaller. HR Outsourcing move out of responsibility to external provider. Changing Strategic Role of HR master copy Employer Organization (Employee Leasing) Company that leases employees to other businesses becoming common Advantages E conomies of scale. Greater job mobility for workers. Job security through leasing company. Disadvantage employee loyalty. Changing Strategic Role of HR Line Managers Involved, by nature of their jobs. Now performs HR specialists job due to automation processes record keeping recruitment/selection achievement appraisal etc Questions

Christmas Eve Essay

Many holidays are linked to faiths and religions. There are numerous holidays such as Tet holiday, Easter holiday, Labor solar daythat being find or so the world. Among all those holiday, I think the most meaningful holiday is saviourmas holiday.Christmas is an annual commemoration of the kind of Jesus Christ and its noted as a major festival and public holiday in countries around the world, including umteen an(prenominal) whose populations are mostly non- Christian.People celebrate Christmas Day in many ways. In the days or even weeks in front Christmas Day, many concourse decorate their homes and gardens with lights, Christmas guides and much more. It is common to organize a special meal, often consisting of turkey and a carve up of other gay foods, for family or friends and exchange gifts with them. Children, in particular, often receive a lot of gifts from their parents and other relatives and the mythical figure Santa Claus. This has led to Christmas Day becoming an progressively commercialized holiday, with a lot of families spending a large part of their income on gifts and food.The Bible does not give an exact date for the birth of Jesus. It is alike unclear when December 25 became associated with the birth of Jesus, although it may tolerate got been around two hundred years after his birth. Church leadership selected December 25 for the Feast of the Nativity when the church decided that Christians need a December holiday rival solstice celebrations. For Christians, it is the era to renew superstars faith, give generously and consider the past.Christmas customs duty Christmas traditions have a way of feeling timeless you may have seen the same ornaments, birdsong the same songs and eaten the same foods for your whole life. Some Christmas traditions are, in fact, ancient. They have pre-Christian grow and originate from pagan winter-solstice celebrations or Roman festivals. Other traditions are relatively modern. Some significa nt holiday traditions include decorations, activities and food. Many traditions that are around today have their roots in pre-Christian winter festivals. These include the grandeur of candles and decorations made from evergreen bushes and tree, symbolizing everlasting light and life. Other traditional decorations include bells, candles, candy canes, stockings, wreaths, and angels. The traditional color of Christmas are red symbolizes the argument of Jesus, which was shed in his crucifixion, while green symbolizes eternal life. On the Christmas day, mountain gather in the church to offer prayer to god. Different split of the world have different traditions for celebrating Christmas. In some parts of the world, Christmas is famed for a week, whereas in other parts of the world, it starts with the Sunday next to November 26 and concludes on January 6 with the feast of Nativity.Christmas decorations activities Outdoor light displays and other decorating traditions have created Chri stmas activities of their own. Lights and banners maybe hung along the streets, practice of medicine played from speakers, and Christmas trees placed in striking places. Many Sunday schools, churches and communities organize special events. These can include decorating the part or a shopping mall, putting up a Christmas tree and planning a Nativity display, concert or performance. Some groups tog meals, shelter or charitable projects for homeless and poor people.Christmas food many culinary traditions are dependent on location. For instance in the southern United States many families tend to have either ham or turkey for their main dish. Other families save the turkey for Thanksgiving and the ham for Easter, while eating a toothsome prime rib for Christmas. whatever you choose for your main course, potatoes, corns, beefs, dinner rolls, and fruit usually accompany the meal.Christmas gifts for many people- whether they care to admit it or not-Christmas is about presents. Christ mass gift- giving tradition has its roots in the three kings offering to the infant Jesus. Gifts were ostensibly meant to inspire people of the magis offerings to Jesus and of Gods gift of Christ to humankind.Christmas carol A lot of plays and songs have an aspect of Christmas as a theme. Eight hundred years ago, Christmas songs were performed for people in towns and villages. These songs were stories put to music and most people enjoy them. The leaders of the church, however, did not. They said the song were unsuitable, entirely about 180 years ago, the songs became popular again.Symbols wide range of people and objects represent Christmas. These include baby Jesus, the Nativity and the Three Kings, but also Santa Claus, reindeer and elves. Common objects at this time of year are pine trees, holly, decorations, fairy lights, candles and presents. Christmas Day is now truly a mix of ghostlike celebration and commercial interests.Christmas is a time for us to spent time with fami ly and friends. It is also the time where we tend to eat some of the most delicious home cooked meals. Whatever you choose to serves on Christmas day, dont block off through that relaxing and spending time with loved ones should be your source priority.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Noble Savage

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Noble Savage While learning more or less the Enlighten manpowert, the students in Mrs. s world history class were obligated to do a research slightly one Enlightenment various(prenominal) that changed the word form of humanity. And the individual this student was researching about was named Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As she researched about him, she wanted to bed how the new understanding of golf-club was actual and changed by Rousseau. So she developed a thesis that Rousseau developed a new understanding of smart set because he brought up new bringing close togethers about the essential state of man, and stolon introduced enhancer to union.From her long months of finding more about Rousseau, she realized that Rousseaus idea about the natural state of man was out of the norm and talked about self-imposing. The quote from Jean Jacques Rousseau written by capital of South Carolina Electronic cyclopedia states that, the general will is what rationa l people would choose for the common good. Freedom, then, is respectfulness to a voluntary law of reason, self-imposed because imposed by the natural laws of humanitys universe. 0ean Jacques Rousseau. , sec. 2, par. 3) shows that if human being obey self-imposed laws of reason and natural laws, it leads to freedom.Rousseau believed that deep inside, humans were not brutes like what Thomas Hobbes thought, alone like the noble savages from the Americas, sustentation a deportment of goodness, comfort, and nobility. And unlike other Enlightenment thinkers, he viewed school of thought and philosophers negatively because he saw them as the post-hoc rationalizers of self-interest, as apologists for various forms of tyranny, and as playing a role in the alienation of the modern individual from humanitys natural impulse to compassion (Bertram, sec. 1, par. 1), courtesy of Jean Jacques Rousseau print by the Stanford Encyclopedia f Philosophy.Rousseaus version of the natural state of man and his thoughts on ism was very different and unique from others and through this cabaret started to movement the norm once more. Rousseau brought up the fresh idea of being transparent. Living a transparent life was Rousseaus way of saying that humans shouldnt be profligate in everything they do and have. He believed that instead of having too much and being extravagant, people should keep what was necessary and donate the extras so that the social possibility wasnt too wide. In Jean Jacques Rousseau. ublished by Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Rousseaus philosophy says that humans have a common good and that under the right-hand(a) conditions and circumstances, our general will give the bounce actually be a reality instead of Just an ideal dean Jacques Rousseau. , sec. 2, par. 4). Living the life of simplicity and nobility really struck Rousseau and he believed that self-imposed laws would really install men their freedom as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778) by B BC stated, It argued that a state ground on a genuine social contract would allow men real freedom in exchange for their obedience to a self-imposed law. ean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778), par. 3). Rousseau emphasized and concentrated on living transparently and the self- impose of our needs and natural state passim his entire life. So, how is the new understanding of society developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau? Rousseau developed a new understanding of society because he brought up new ideas about the natural think for themselves again by thinking outside the box such as development the new thought of the natural state of man, the noble savage.He also believed that transparency could change society by giving up on passion and Just being their enuine selves instead of trying to fit into the in high spirits standards and expectations of society right away. He believed that humans were good at heart and that their self- imposed laws give freedom. Jean-Jacques Rousseau made a l arge(p) impact on society today and it is still seen today. Works Cited Bertram, Christopher. Jean Jacques Rousseau. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford university, 27 sept. 2010. web. 8 NOV. 2012.. Columbia University, Press. Jean Jacques Rousseau. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. History Reference Center, Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778). BBC News. Ed. BBC. BSC, n. d. web. 28 NOV. 2012. . Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau, a biography written by Christopher Bertram on folk 27th 2010, introduces Rousseau and his ideas. Rousseaus views, influences, and arguments keep him remembered as a very important haoma in the history of philosophy.This biography discourses on not only his life, but also the background of his ideas and his philosophy, his education, language, legacy, and his works. I think this biography is very good, uses high vocabulary words in almost every single entence, which can make it hard to understand but the p oints and explanations are presented very cleanly. I recommend this to high schoolers who want to learn about Rousseau while better their vocabulary. Encyclopedia. History Reference Center, Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. Jean Jacques Rousseau. is a biography published by the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia explains the life of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a noteworthy philosopher, in meticulous details such as his personal life as well as his most famous accomplishments, and his influence throughout the world. Although this article is long, I think this is a great article because of the great details and the interesting language usage.

Our socially constructed reality

Think Piece sociological Signifi raftce and Individual Behavior What is the relationship between definition of the line and fondly constructed reality? Our cordial construct provides us with basic assumptions of everyday life. These well-disposed influences have an affect on our perception of reality and situations. While with a group of people you mainly hang out with the definition of a situation of a situation will be similar, because you all be from the same affectionate group and have similar social backgrounds.But if you be not with a group that you are not familiar nipple it may not be so easy for you all to bewitch the situation the same because your social reality are different. Example In an urban neighborhood where Tim, and his group of friends hangout during the day and night, they often study gunshots. So one night Times cousin Johnny came to visit from his vestibule in Texas. While they were outside hanging out gunshots were heard. After earreach the gunsho ts Tim and his friends continued as if they heard nothing.Sonnys reaction was very different than Tim and his friends in fact he felt very uncomfortable. Because Tim and his group of friends are attached to that social structure their interpretation of the situation was different than Johnny, because in his social reality that doesnt and should not happen. This example explains how a persons social reality can change how they interpret the definition of a situation. Why are these all- chief(prenominal)(a) in explaining the social influences on human behavior?These are important in explaining human behavior because our chosen behavior is check intod by our social influences and social surroundings (socially constructed reality) which determine how we react and interpret situations (definition of a situation). Why is it that social influence is very often more expedient for predicting or explaining the behavior of an individual person than would be there psychological redact o f mind? Though we take part in the social construct of reality, its still not entirely a product of our get doing.Our social influences make us who we are and affect how we act and underwrite situations. Even though we have our make thought we still lie our lives through what is socially acceptable. So observing a psychological frame of mind may not be as accurate because we arrange one thing, but in a social setting we finagle it differently. Example Elevator Video The people on the elevator knew that it was not their norm to turn backwards in the elevator.But they still wanted to adjust to what seemed socially normal at the time, so they turned around near like everyone else in the video. So even though we have our own thoughts and feelings about situations , our social influence and social setting still determine how we behave. If anyone could have asked the independent variables on the elevator if they would turn backwards on an elevator if everyone else was doing it they would have more than likely answered no, but because o the social pressure to conform they behaved totally opposite.

Ethical Issue on the Internet

honest issues relating to the utilization of the lucre and the implications for managers and business coiffure. by Mihai C. Orzan Abstract When we turn the topic of estimable issues on the net income we atomic number 18 gener al wizy referring at two opposite matters hiding and mental plaza. each has been examined extensively in the last five forms, since the cyberspace volatile intrusion in eitherday life activities, each has an important number of hoagie fields that require special attention from managers and whatsoever otherwise business professionals.The adjudicate of this paper is to to make a short pre moveation of close to relevant developments pertaining mesh honest issues in direct connection with the business globe. The retirement debate is centered on the arguments regarding citizens pay off to c on the whole overt granted or implied by rightfulnesss on superstar hand and companies approach on node info, considered an asset to sell for p rofits (Choi, 2000, p. 317) on the other hand. solitude on the mesh is exploding as a topic of public concern these days. A modern Internet survey showed that 4 step up of 5 practicers train major concerns regarding various covert holy terrors when theyre online.Yet exactly 6% of them make actu all(a)y experienced privacy abuses. Those who atomic number 18 non yet on the Net cite privacy as the main reason they take up chosen non to become Internet users. If electronic commerce is acquittance to thrive, this fear is going to nurture to be dealt with by righteousnesss and by fabrication practices and this paper attempts to perpetrate a thorough description of the major data processor ethics trends of the moment. The other major source of concern for business world as rise up as the majority of Internet users is right of first publication control.Serious incertitude come from both(prenominal) approaches on this matter what culture available on the Internet end I freely use and how git whizzness protect the hardly earned info that he posts on a entanglement send. In fact, The Internet has been characterized as the largest threat to shamright since its inception. It is awash in realizeledge, much of it with varying degrees of right of first publication egis. (OMah unmatchedy, 2001). right of first publicationed issue constitutes an important adjourn of this paper and it details al to the highest degree of the present concerns of quick-witted property. 1 screen Everyone has the right to hit the sack what entropy is collected and how it leave be apply and to take in or decline the collection or dissemination of this teaching particularly financial and medical instruction. President George W. Bush. screen has become a major concern on the Internet. According to (Ferrell, Leclair & Fraedrich, 1997), the extraordinary growth of the Internet has created a number of privacy issues that society has neer encountered bef ore and and so has been s minuscule to address. Opinions gull been expressed and actions were taken in grade to settlement these matters in one way or a nonher.In an interview earlier this year United States President George W. Bush (Miller, 2001) expressed numerous and informed concerns regarding privacy issues, including rise to power, security, and use of ad hominem breeding. He promised to ensure actions that go away meet consumer demands for privacy auspices and advocated opt- in policies for first appearancealizeing lists. He concluded the interview by stating I sh ar m all an(prenominal) hoi pollois concerns that, with the advent of the Internet, personal privacy is progressively at risk, and I am committed to protecting personal privacy for everyone. Privacy issues on the Internet relate to two major concerns. The number 1 concern is users ability to control the rate, type, and sequence of the information they view. Spam, or unasked commercial message e- bi llet, is a control concern be have it violates privacy and steals resources. A minute of arc concern relates to the ability of users to address and d avouch the stairsstand how organizations collect and use personal information on the Internet. Many 2 Web sites require visitors to attain themselves and pass on information rough their wants and needs. nigh Web sites track visitors footsteps through the site by storing a cookie, or identifying string of text, on their data processors. The use of cookies can be an ethical issue, especially because many users have no root word that this transfer of information is plain occurring. Internet privacy is an important ethical issue because most organizations engaging in e- commerce have non yet developed policies and enrols of conduct to encourage responsible behavior. Spamming cast aside e- get morose and spam argon both terms for advertising and e- mail sent to you which you did not ask for and which you do not want, (Elbel, 2 001).However, spam is a to a greater extent(prenominal) generic term that implys broadcast posting to word of honor themes as well as individuals. And spamming is very costly for the end users recent surveys showed that various forms of spam consume up to 15% of Internet bandwidth. According to a recent European Union study junk email costs all of us almost 9. 4 billion (US) dollars per year, and many major ISPs asseverate that spam adds 20% of the cost of their receipts, (Elbel, 2001). As you can go out spamming is a very profitable endeavor and have gr aver over the years to assume a number of different forms.Thus, we can sort v Unsolicited e- mail is any email message authentic where the recipient did not specifically ask to intoxicate it. It might not be al shipway an abuse. v Bulk e- mail is any group of messages sent via e- mail, with substantially identical content, to a large number of addresses at once. Many ISPs specify a threshold for majority e- mail to be 25 or much recipients within a 24- hour period. at a time again, bulk e- mail itself is not necessarily abuse of the e- mail system. 3 Unsolicited Commercial E- mail (UCE) is a form of e- mail containing commercial information that has been sent to a recipient who did not ask to receive it. Several ISPs specify that sending all the same one UCE is a intrusion of privacy. v Make Money Fast (MMF) be e- mail messages that justify immediate, incredible profits , including much(prenominal) schemes as chain letters. v Multi-Level foodstuff (MLM) atomic number 18 e- mail messages that guarantee incredible profits , right by and by you send them an initial investment and recruit others. v Mailbomb is probably the most harmful type of spamming.It takes the form of email packages delivered repeatedly to the kindred address until the mailbox is overloaded, or by chance even the system that hosts the mailbox crashes. Mailbombs to a greater extent oft than not take one of two for ms. A mailbox might be tar purported to receive hundreds or thousands of messages, make it difficult or impossible for the dupe to use their feature mailbox, possibly subjects them to additional charges for storage space, and might cause them to miss messages entirely due to overflow. This is adjoinn as a denial- of- operate attack, perhaps to a fault harassment.Another form of mailbombing is to forge subscription requests to many send out lists, all for one recipient. The result is a huge barrage of email arriving in the victims e- mail box, all of it unwanted, moreover original. There are whatsoever(prenominal) slipway to escape spamming, further none will guarantee 100 percent reliability. beginning(a), a complaint to the ISPs that originated and forwarded the spam is required. It is also recommended to switch to an ISP that uses one or all of the anti- spam infobases available (RBL, RSS, and DUL). About 40% of the Internet is using these go, with good success.Als o, it is important that you never, under any circumstance, reply to junk e- mail, even if it is to send a remove request. Most spammers ignore such 4 responses, or worse, add you to their list of validated e- mail addresses that they sell. Also, getting aloof doesnt clutch you from being added the next time they mine for addresses, nor will it get you off other copies of the list that have been sold or distributed to others. Finally, we should mark off that there are voices that argue that spamming is a legitimate form of expression and restricting it would be a First Amendment infringement.Even more, has been suggested that junk e- mail (also called bulk e- mail and spam) should be levelheadedly protect, (DAmbrosio, 2000). Tracking a user on the Internet Data around individuals is collected in a wide variety of ways, including information provided on finish forms, credence/debit card transactions, and cookies. Many users expect that such activities are anonymous, but unfo rtunately they are far from being so. It is possible to record many online activities, including which newsgroups or files a subscriber has entrance feeed and which weather vane sites a subscriber has visited.This information can be collected both by a subscribers own service provider (available in the request headers of browsers) and by agents of remote sites which a subscriber visits. But the most universal form of collecting data about web surfers is the cookie. These are short pieces of data employ by web servers to suspensor identify web users. The cookie is memory boardd on the users computer, but contrary to popular belief it is not an executable program and cannot do anything harmful to the forge. Cookies are employ by Internet shopping sites to keep track of users and their shopping handcarts.When someone first visits an Internet shopping site, they are sent a cookie containing the physique (ID number) of a shopping cart and other useful tags. Another use of cooki es is to create customized home 5 varlets. A cookie is sent to the users browser for each of the items they expect to see on their custom home page. ace of the slight admirable uses of cookies, and the one that is causing all the controversy, is its use as a device for tracking the browsing and buying habits of individual web users.On a single web site or a group of web sites within a single subdomain, cookies can be used to see what web pages you visit and how often you visit them. However, such concerns can be easily addressed by setting the browser to not accept cookies or use one of the new cookie auction block packages that offer selective cookie access. nonee that blocking all cookies prevents some online service from laping. Also, preventing the browser from accept cookies does not confer anonymity it just makes it more difficult to be tracked on the Web. Related to cookies, but more damaging is the activity cognize as prying.Many of the commercial online services will automatically download graphics and program upgrades to the users home computer. intelligence operation reports have rolled the fact that certain online services have admitted to both accidental and intentional prying into the memory of home computers signing on to the service. In some cases, personal files have been copied and collected by the online services. exercise of Personal culture You can take on out simple directory information about people on a variety of web sites, alike Switchboard, Whowhere, Four11, Bigfoot.These contain information retrieved from telephone books. And most of these sites cede someone who doesnt want to be listed in their databases to have his/her information removed. But beyond the free services there are the fee- based services where one can find out a great deal about 6 individuals on the Internet. There are services like as KnowX, Informus, Infotel, CDB, Infotek, data America, and Lexis- Nexis that offer subscription based services and give access both through the Internet or through their own telephone net temptings.The information they provide is primarily from public records like records of court cases, both courtly and criminal (not the full text, not yet anyway, but an index of cases), bankruptcies, judgments and liens, property records, such as county tax assessors files, professional license information, if regulated by the state, Dept of Motor Vehicle data from many states, voter registration data from many states, stock investments, if you own 15% or more of a companys stock, and many more other sources.Data warehouses built with this benign of refined personal information (including browsing patterns, also known as transaction- generated information) are the lifeblood of many enterprises that need to locate their customers with direct mailing (or e- mailing) campaigns. It whitethorn also create the potential for junk e- mail and other merchandising uses. Additionally, this information whitethorn be emb arrassing for users who have accessed sensitive or controversial materials online. In theory, individuals (data subjects) are routinely asked if they would permit their information to be used by the information collector.Application forms usually include a clause stating that personal information provided may be used for marketing and other purposes. This is the principle of informed consent, meaning that if the individual does not so request that his/her data not to be used for such purposes, it is off- diagnose that he/she had apt(p) permission. The alternative principle, of affirmative consent, where an individual is required to give permission for each and every occasion on which a data user wishes to make use of an individuals data, becomes highly pricey and complex and is seldom practiced.The Federal Trade Commission is urging commercial web site operators to make public their information collection practices in privacy policies posted on web sites. 7 Many web sites now post information about their information- collection practices. You can explore for a privacy seal of approval, such as TRUSTe, Council of Better vocation Bureaus (BBB), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, WebTrust, and others on the first page of the web site. Those that participate in such programs agree to post their privacy policies and submit to audits of their privacy practices in order to display the logo.There are several technologies that help online users protect their privacy. v Encryption is a method of scrambling an e- mail message or file so that it is unintelligible to anyone who does not know how to unscramble it. Thus, individual(a) information may be encrypted, and then transmitted, stored or distributed without fear that outsiders will have access to its content. Various fortified encoding programs, such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) and RSA (RSA Data Security) are available online.Because encryption prevents unlicensed access, law enforcement age ncies have expressed concerns over the use of this technology, and relation back has considered legislation to create a back door to allow law enforcement officials to decipher encrypted messages. Federal law limits exporting certain types of encryption code or descriptive information to other countries and file them under the same ammo type as nuclear weapons. v Anonymous remailers. Because it is comparatively easy to determine the name and email address of anyone who posts messages or sends e- mail, the practice of using anonymous remailing programs has become more common.These programs receive e- mail, strip off all identifying information, and then forward the mail to the appropriate address. v remembering protection package. software system system system package security programs are now available which help prevent unlicenced access to files on the home computer. For 8 example, one program encrypts every directory with a different password so that to access any direct ory you must log in first. Then, if an online service provider tries to rede any private files, it would be denied access. These programs may include an audit steer that records all activity on the computers drives.Censorship and Blocking software package With its recent explosive growth, the Internet now faces a problem inherent in all media that serve different audiences not all materials are appropriate for every audience (Resnick & Miller, 1996). Any rules or laws about distribution, however, will be likely restrictive from some perspectives, yet not restrictive enough from others. plain it might be easier to meet diverse needs by autocratic reception rather than distribution. In the TV indus assay, this realization has led to the V- chip, a system for blocking reception based on labels embedded in the broadcast stream.On the Internet, the termination might be considered even better, with richer labels that reflect diverse viewpoints, and more flexible selection criteri a. Not everyone needs to block reception of the same materials. Parents may not wish to expose their children to sexual or violent images, businesses may want to prevent their employees from visiting re presentational sites during hours of natural elevation net organizeplace usage, and governments may want to restrict reception of materials that are legitimate in other countries but not in their own.The blocking solution with the largest acceptance at this moment is PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection). Its labels are say to be able to describe any look of a document or a Web site. As was natural to be expected, PICS labels started out as an attempt to block web pages that were not compliant with impropriety 9 laws. As one of its initiators said, the sea captain impetus for PICS was to allow parents and teachers to prove materials they felt were inappropriate for children using the Net, (Weinberger, 1997).At this moment, Microsoft, Netscape, SurfWatch, CyberPatrol, and other software vendors have PICS- compatible intersection points, while AOL, AT WorldNet, CompuServe, and Prodigy provide free blocking software that is PICS- compliant. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property concerns the protection of all products created or designed by human intellect book, songs, poems, make domarks, blueprintsand software (Davidson, 2000, p. 9). The write of software programs, although nominally protected by secure laws, is certainly widespread. very much of the argument about IP lies in the deontological dichotomy between rights and duties, (Davidson, 2000, p. 12). parcel producers get hold of that they have the right to protect the fruit of their endeavors, and have the right to be furbish upd for the resources spend in the development process, while consumers claim that they have the right to use a product for which they have nonrecreational and expect that the product will be free of defects. This should lead to competitively priced produ cts with superior quality, providing value for money. 10 Copyright, Patents, and TrademarksAccording to prof. derriereson (2000) as computing resources become more and more prevalent, computer software becomes easier and easier to access, and as such, easier and easier to duplicate, (p. 124). Protection for ones work, from a sanctioned point of view, requires procure, patents, and trademarks for sensible and strategic information. The dress hat approach is to have a combination of trade secret protection, copyright laws, and trademark laws for the product in capitulum because these are cheap, consummationive, and fast ways of protecting a software product from being pirated.Copyright Issues Copyrighted works on the net include news stories, software, novels, block outplays, graphics, pictures, Usenet messages and even e- mail. In fact, the stimulate reality is that almost everything on the Net is protected by copyright law (OMahoney, 2001). software program and manuals, as novels and other literary works, are protected under copyright laws. In simple terms, this guarantees the copyright consumeor, the author in most cases, the exclusive rights to the reproduction and distribution of his intellectual property.Thus, copyright law guarantees the owner of the intellectual property the same types of rights that patent law guarantees the owner of an invention or other piece of seemingly more tangible physical property. Computer software and data are intellectual property, and as such are covered by copyright law. The problems start when people cannot, or will not, make the mental transition from physical to intellectual property. While most people would not steal books from a bookstall or a software package from a dealers showroom, 11 ven if they knew they would not be caught, many of the same people would not hesitate write a computer program from a demo or from their friends and colleagues. The only free software is the one places in the public do main, also known as freeware. For the rest of the software products the user must abide by the license agreements which usually come with a program and places restrictions upon reproducing and distributing the software, including such things as loaning the software to a friend or colleague and making duplicates for classroom or network use. Some licenses even go so far as to restrict use to a specific computer.In most cases, however, the user does have the right to make a backup copy of the software for archival purposes. In theory, any use of a software package which falls outside of the limits of the license agreement renders the user, and quite often the users company or institution, liable to prosecution. A computer program is outlined in the copyright law as a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result. Copyright protection begins at the time a work is created in fixed form no act other than creati on of the work is required to obtain a copyright for the work.According to (Yoches and Levine, 1989) the scope of copyright protection for a computer programs expression may extend beyond its literal code to the structure, sequence and organization of the program. Another debated and important aspect of software copyright involves the use of databases, data warehouses, and other forms of data collections. chthonic traditional concepts of literary copyright, the data contained in a compilation, and the selection of the data, may sometimes not be protected from copying. Only the coordination and arrangement of the database may be protected, and even then there must be some originality to the collection and arrangement for it to be protected, (Losey, 1995). 12 There are essentially three ways to legally protect computer databases copyright, trade secret and contract. Raw facts in a database may not be protected by copyright, regardless(prenominal)(prenominal) of the time or expense t hat went into kettle of fish them. However, in many databases the data itself, or the particular expressions of the facts, may have been created by the author. In such cases the data has originality and can be protected.Even if the limit are raw facts, not new materials created by the author, the compilation aspects of the database (selection, coordination and arrangement) may still receive copyright protection. A trade secret is cognition which a person or company acquires through its own efforts and which has some value to it (Losey, 1995). Typically, this knowledge is kept secret from competitors because it is felt that this information provides some type of competitive advantage. Since a computer database is a compilation that derives sparing value, it is a type of intellectual property that has frequently received trade secrecy protection.Finally, the owner of a database can require that any emptor enter into a written contract as a discipline of purchase of the database. That written agreement could expressly provide that the purchaser will not get out the content to anyone but authorized users, nor make any copies or wildcat use of the information. Typically this takes the form of a permit Agreement between the owner/licensor of the database and the user/licensee of the database. Protect your site against stealth It might be useful to know that a plug into is a URL, a fact not unlike a street address, and is thereof not copyrightable.However, a URL list may be copyrightable under a 13 compilation copyright if it contains some originality. The Internet was created on the basis of being able to attach hypertext links to any other location on the Web. Consequently, by putting yourself on the Internet, you have inclined implied permission to others to link to your Web page, and everyone else on the Web is deemed to have given you implied permission to link to their Web pages (OMahoney, 2001). The two primary methods of protection are technical c ountermeasures and legal protection.Technical countermeasures include strategies such as digital watermarking and spiders that await the Internet for copies of your pages or graphics. These strategies tend to be difficult, expensive, and user- unfriendly. The primary vehicle for legal protection is copyright. This is by far the easiest and most popular form of protection in use today. In implementing a copyright strategy, there are three items that you should consider v Ownership before trying to copyright your website, a clear understanding of what exactly it is considered to be copyrighted is required.There are many elements to a website, including text, graphics, scripts, data, and code. If everything was created from scratch for the website, ownership is not an issue. However, if someone else created text, or some clip art was downloaded from other website, or scanned photographs from archives were used, or a web design firm was hired to load all informational content into an attractive package, then ownership of the respective elements is shared with the original creators, unless otherwise stated in contracts and licenses. Copyright billhook it is generally a good predilection to put a copyright chance on on your website. It used to be that in order to be afforded any copyright protection whatsoever, one needed to put the world on notice by attaching a copyright notice to the work. While this is no long-dated the case, it is still customary to attach a 14 copyright notice on copyrighted works in order to be entitled for certain types of damages. The copyright notice consists of at least elements that include the copyright symbol and/or the term Copyright, the year of copyright, and the name of the copyright holder. Registration register your copyright with the Copyright Office. Although the Copyright Act gives protection just for creating your work and reducing it to a tangible form, that protection proved somewhat illusory in some cases when regi stration was overlooked. Patents and Trademarks A recognized brand name or trademark represents the goodwill that has been built into the product or service, (Eldenbrock & Borwankar, 1996). Consumers tend to associate the recognized brand name or trademark with certain characteristics that are specific to that name or mark.Therefore, companies often spend millions of dollars annually for safeguarding the investment in the related intellectual property rights. Trademark laws protect the name of the software, not the software itself. Some examples include Lotus 1- 2- 3, Apple , D- BASE, WordPerfect, and many others. Copyright protection protects the expression of an idea, not the idea itself. A patent protects the idea itself. There are two major drawbacks to patents. They take a big money of money and a lot of time (usually two or more years).Computer games are rarely patent protected because the shelf life for a game is usually no more than six months. 15 decorous Use When the fa ir use doctrine applies to a specific use of a work, the person making fair use of the work does not need to seek permission from the copyright owner or to compensate the copyright owner for the use of the work, (Lehman, 1998). The fair use is a form of limitation of the exclusive rights of copyright owners for purposes such as criticism, comments, news reporting, teaching (including the possibility to make multiple copies of a copyrighted work for classroom use), scholarships, or research.In order to determine whether the use made of a work in any particular case is not a copyright infringement, Smiths (2001) Copyright Implementation Manual offers the pursuit guidelines 1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial genius or is for nonprofit educational purposes 2. the nature of the copyrighted work 3. the bill and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole and 4. the effect of the use upon the poten tial market for or value of the copyrighted work.The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. Those creators and authors who wish to gift their works to the public domain may, of course, do so notwithstanding the availableness of protection under the Copyright Act. 16 Libel and Defamation We know that as the Internet grows, there will be more and more lawsuits involving malign and calumny. said attorney David H. Donaldson, editor of ratified Bytes, The only question is if the number of cases will grow steadily or if there will be an explosion of lawsuits all at once. The Internet has been used to harass, slander, threat and these online activities led to arrests, successful sues (because have used netnews to slander and for delivering inappropriate screen saver images) and other forms of legal punishments. The most frequent form of libel on the Internet is flaming, defined as the practice of sending extremely scathing, derogatory, and often vulgar e- mail messages, or newsgroup postings to other users on the Internet or online services (OBrien, 2002, pp. 326).Famous cases of racism or defamation have turned the attention at the gaps in legislation regarding Internet crime. Sexual apparent web pages are responsible for another stir in neighborly awareness regarding Internet- related legal void. Sometimes even a link to anothers page could be defamatory and may subject someone to legal liability, (INET Legal Networks, 2001), if it links to a page where offensive or prohibited content is present and if you do not give strong warning to the web surfer about the consequences of his/her click.There are a number of features unique to the Internet that distinguish it from any other sensitive and have led to the current re- examination of existing libel laws to allow for their possible evolution and ultimately their application in the cyberspace, (Potts & Ha rris, 1996). These features include its global nature (more than 125 countries are linked via Internet), which raised questions about jurisdiction, repeated publication every time a 17 page is updated/viewed, and the possibility to enforce judgments.Another Internet specific aspect is its highly interactional nature, which decreases the effectiveness of later corrections, but empowers the ability to reply, which might be considered more gratifying, immediate and potent than launching a libel action. Accessibility is another feature of the Internet, which distinguishes it from traditional print or broadcast media. The relatively low cost of connecting to the Internet and even of establishing ones own website means that the opportunity for defamation has increased exponentially. Now, on the Internet everyone can be a publishing company and can be sued as a publisher.Internet anonymity means that users do not have to reveal their true identity in order to send email or post message s on bulletin boards. This feature, united with the ability to access the Internet in the privacy and seclusion of ones own home or office and the interactive, responsive nature of communications on the Internet, has resulted in users being far less inhibited about the confine of their messages than in any other form of media. Computer Crime One of the biggest threats for the online community comes from various ways in which a computers network in general and the Internet in special might be used to support computer crime.The list of such actions is vast as criminals are doing everything from stealing intellectual property and committing fraud to unleashing viruses and committing acts of cyber terrorism (Sager, Hamm, Gross, Carey & Hoff, 2000) and a a few(prenominal) of the most dangerous and common ones have already entered the general IT folklore. The tie-in of Information Technology Professionals defined computer crime as including unauthorized use, access, modification, and destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources unauthorized release of information unauthorized copying of 18 oftware denying an end user access to his or her own hardware, software, data, or network resources using or conspiring to use computer or network resources to illegally obtain information or tangible property. Software plagiarisation Software piracy is the illegal copying of computer software. It is also considered the computer industrys worst problem and, according to the specialists, has become a category crime. People who wouldnt think of sneaking merchandise out of a store or burgling a house regularly obtain copies of computer programs that they havent gainful for, (Hard- Davis, 2001).Software piracy is fought by legal means (licenses, copyright, trademarks and patents, and lawsuits, when all else fails). According to Zwass (1997), bank check controls (legal sanctions) and preventive controls (increasing the cost of piracy by technological means) ca n be used to combat software piracy. Information technology is a key driver in the globalization and growth of the world economy. In a recent study of worldwide software market (International Data tum, 1999) the entirety worldwide package software market has been stimated at $135 billion. general expenditures on software are expected to increase to about $220 billion by the year 2002. The U. S. software industry is reaping the benefits of this hyper growth, having captured 70% of global software sales. According to (Software Publishers companionship, 1998), the worldwide revenues of business- based PC applications was $17. 2 billion, but global revenue breathing outes due to piracy in the business application software market were calculated at $11. 4 billion.This is very similar to the report of (International Research and Planning, 2001)s Business Software Alliance (BSA), a watchdog group representing the worlds leading software manufacturers, which inform the results of 19 its sixth annual benchmark survey on global software piracy. The independent study highlights the serious impact of copyright infringement with piracy losses nearing $11. 8 billion worldwide in 2000. icon 1 shows an arouse correlation between the national piracy judge compiled by the SPA with the per capita GNP for 65 countries in the year 1997.Higher software piracy rates are heavily skewed towards countries with low per capita GNP. The effect of GNP is much more pronounced for the countries with GNPs less than $6,000, as shown in pick up 2. Each $1,000 increase in per capita GNP is associated with a intimately 6% decrease in the piracy rate. These results indicate a world-shaking income effect on the global piracy rates, particularly in the poorer segments of the world. The different ways of illegally copying computer software can be broken down into five basic ways of pirating. Counterfeiting is duplicating and selling unauthorized copies of software in such a manner as to try to pass off the illegal copy as if it were a legitimate copy produced by or authorized by the publisher. v Softlifting is the acquire of a single licensed copy of software and loading it on several machines, contrary to the terms of the license agreement. This includes sharing software with friends and co- workers. v Hard- disk loading is selling computers pre- loaded with illegal software. v Bulletin-board piracy is putting software on a bulletin- board service for nyone to copy or copying software from a bullet in- board service that is not shareware or freeware. v Software rental is the renting of software for temporary use. An interesting study regarding software piracy in academician environment was conducted at the Faculty of Business at the City University of Hong Kong (Moores & 20 Dhillon, 2000). A total of 243 usable responses were received, of which 122 were female and 121 were male. As shown in variety 3, 81% of the respondents report they buy pirated software on a regular basis, with a significant minority (29%) buying every month, and 3% even reporting they buy several times a week.The most popular pirated software bought was spreadsheets, followed by programming languages, databases, word processors, and statistical packages. Other software mentioned included e- mail, graphics, and game software. Only 7% claim to have never bought pirated software. Illegal Information The Internet was designed as an inherently unassured communications vehicle. This allowed an impressive number of security gaps that led to numerous hacking techniques. in all likelihood the most famous one at this moment is the denial of service attack, that led to the shutdown of many famous Internet sites, including Yahoo , eBay, Amazon, and CNN.Other hacking simulated military operation include spoofing (faking an web page to trick users into giving away critical information), Trojan horses (programs that are planted on users machine without his knowledge), logic bombs (instructions in computer programs that triggers malicious acts), and password crackers. According to Givens (2001), identicalness thieves are able to shop online anonymously using the identities of others. Web- based information brokers sell sensitive personal data, including Social Security numbers, relatively cheaply. In December 1999 300,000 credit card numbers were stolen from the online music retailer CD Universe database.Thats way it is considered a federal crime to possess 15 ore more access devices like cellular activation codes, describe passwords, and credit card numbers. 21 Beside the theft that these kinds of devices enable, such actions lead to loss of trust from customers to such services that have been the target of hacking. It is also illegal in many states to have pornographic related material on your machine, and in some cases mere possession of child pornography is punishable by many years in jail. As mentioned before, possession or export of certain types of cryptographic techniques is a very serious federal crime.AMA mandate of morality of Marketing on the Internet All professionals find a code of ethics is useful to guide them through the sometimes thorny issues that confront them (Klampert, 1998). Codes of ethics are an organized, written set of rules that describe expected behaviors. There are many such codes in Information Systems (ACM, IEEE, British Computer Society), but none of them has overall recognition. Most institutions that provide Internet access have formulated policies and procedures regarding the fair use of their facilities.The most frequent policies are grouped under the following categories a Code for Ethical Computer Use (usually a written policy an institution has developed to describe ethical use of their computer system), an E- mail Privacy Policy, and an Internet Access Policy. One of the most representative such codes for the Internet community is the one that has been imposed by the American Marketing As sociation for its members. Below there are a few of the most interesting requirements, as they can be found in the latest rendering of (AMA, 2001) Code of ethics for Marketing on the Internet 2 hamper to all applicable laws and regulations with no use of Internet marketing that would be illegal, if conducted by mail, telephone, fax or other media. Organizational commitment to ethical Internet practices communicated to employees, customers and relevant stakeholders. Information collected from customers should be confidential and used only for expressed purposes. All data, especially confidential customer data, should be safeguarded against unauthorized access. The expressed wishes of others should be respected with regard to the receipt of unasked e-mail messages.Information obtained from the Internet sources should be properly authorized and documented. Marketers should treat access to accounts, passwords, and other information as confidential, and only examine or disclose conten t when authorized by a responsible party. The integrity of others information systems should be respected with regard to placement of information, advertising or messages. Conclusions This R paper gives a general overview of the most debated ethical issues related to the use of Internet and their implications for managers and business practice.However, there are several other less critical aspects that should be considered by a very thorough fiat and some very interesting papers on these subjects are listed in Appendix C. These aspects include unauthorized use of computer resources at work, accessing individuals private e- mail and telephone conversations and computer records by the companies they work for and other forms of computer monitoring, challenges to 23 work conditions and individuality that are brought about by computer systems, mistaken computer matching of individuals, and many, many more.To protect themselves and the people they work with, information professionals nee d to be as professional as they can be and, sometimes, must decline a project if clients insist that they do something they have moral objections about. Ethical considerations are inherent for any IT professional. deterrent example behavior, including acting with integrity, increasing personal competence, setting high standards of personal performance, accepting responsibility for your actions, avoiding computer crime, and increasing the security of computer systems developed are just a few of many such considerations.Overall, I bank that there is a critical need for heightened debate on professional ethics in Information Systems. 24 Appendix A Figure 1. Per capita GNP and piracy rates. Figure 2. piracy rates and per capita GNP less than $6000 25 Figure 3. Frequency of pirated software. 26 Appendix B Cited workings 1. Choi, S. Y. & Whinston, A. B. (2000). The Internet Economy Technology and Practice. Austin, TX SmartEcon Publishing. 2. DAmbrosio, J. (2000,. January). Should Jun k E- mail Be Legally Protected? online. getable http//www. fmew. com/archive/junk/. October 26, 2001). 3. Davidson, Robert (2000, April). Professional Ethics in Information Systems A Personal Perspective. Communications of the AIS, Vol. 3, Article 8. 4. Elbel, F. (2001, October 23). Junk E- mail and Spam. online. visible(prenominal) http//www. ecofuture. org/jmemail. html. (October 26, 2001). 5. Elderbrock, David and Borwankar, Nitin. (1996). Building Successful Internet Businesses The Essential Sourcebook for Creating Businesses on the Net. Foster City, CA IDG Books Worldwide. 6. Ferrell, O. C. , Leclair, D. T. , & Fraedrich, J. P. (1997, October).Integrity counseling A Guide to Managing Legal and Ethical Issues in the Workplace. OCollins Corp. 7. Givens, Beth. (2001, March). A Review of Current Privacy Issues. online. visible(prenominal) http//www. privacyrights. org/ar/Privacy- IssuesList. htm. (October 26, 2001). 8. Hard- Davis, G. (2001, March). Internet Piracy Exposed. Al ameda, CASybex. 27 9. INET Legal Networks (2001). Defamation Law for Internet online. Available http//www. lawforinternet. com/subject_defamation. php3? searchkys=defamation =topdefamation. html. (October 26, 2001). 10.International Data Corporation (1999, February 10). Distribution of Worldwide Software Revenues Vary Dramatically online. Available www. idcresearch. com/ excite/default. htm. (October 26, 2001). 11. International Research and Planning. (2001, May). Sixth Annual BSA Global Software Piracy Study. online. Available http//www. bsa. org/resources/200105- 21. 55. pdf. (October 26, 2001). 12. Johnson, Mark B. (2000, January). Software Piracy Stopping It Before It dinero You. Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM SIGUCCS host on User Services. pp. 124- 131. 13. Klampert, Elizabeth (1998, July 13).Business Ethics for Information Professionals. Proceedings of the AALL 1998 Conference on Independent Law Librarian Program, Anaheim, CA. 14. Lehman, B. A. , (1998). The Conference on Fair Use final report to the commissioner on the finis of the Conference on Fair Use. Washington, DC Office of Public personal business U. S. Patent and Trademark Office. 15. Losey, Ralph C. (1995). Practical and Legal Protection of Computer Databases online. Available http//www. eff. org/Intellectual_property/database_protection. paper. (October 25, 2001). 16. Miller, M. J. (2001, February 6).Bushs Privacy Plan. PC Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 3. 28 17. Moores, T & Dhillon, G. (2000, December). Software Piracy A View from Hong Kong. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 10, p. 88- 93. 18. OBrien, J. A. (2002). Management Information Systems Managing Information Technology in the E- Business Enterprise. New York, NY McGraw- Hill. 19. OMahoney, B. (2001). Copyright Website online. Available http//www. benedict. com/digital/digital. asp. (October 26, 2001). 20. Potts, David & Harris, S. (1996, May 16). Defamation on the Internet online. Available http//owl. nglish. purdue. edu/handouts/ research/r_apa. html. (October 26, 2001). 21. Resnick, P. & Miller, J. (1996). PICS Internet Access Controls Without Censorship. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 87- 93. 22. Sager, Ira, Hamm, Steve, Gross, Neil, Carey, John and Hoff, Robert. (2000, February 21). Business Week. 23. Smith, Steve. (2001, May). Copyright Implementation Manual online. Available http//www. groton. k12. ct. us/mts/cimhp01. htm. (December 1, 2001). 24. Software Publishers Association (1998). SPAs Report on Global Software Piracy online. Available www. pa. org/piracy/98report. htm. (October 26, 2001). 25. Weinberger, J. (1997, March). Rating the Net. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 19. 26. Yoches, E. Robert & Levine, Arthur J. (1989, May). staple fibre principles of copyright protection for computer software. Communications of the ACM Vol. 32 No. 5. pp. 544. 27. Zwass, Vladimir. (1997, Spring). editorial Introduction. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol . 13, No. 4, pp. 3- 6. 29 Appendix C Bibliography 1. American Marketing Association (2001). Full Text of the AMA Code of Ethics online.Available http//www. ama. org/about/ama/fulleth. asp. (October 26, 2001). 2. Berman, J. & Weitzner, D. (1995). User Control Renewing the Democratic Heart of the First Amendment in the Age of Interactive Media. Yale Law Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 1619. 3. BRINT Institute. (2001). Intelectual Property Copyright, Trademarks and Patents. online. Available http//www. brint. com/IntellP. htm. (October 26, 2001). 4. British Computer Society. (2000). British Computer Society Code of Practice online. Available http//www. bcs. org. uk/aboutbcs/cop. htm. (November 30, 2001). 5. CETUS. (1995).Fair Use A Statement of Principle online. Available http//www. cetus. org/fair4. html. (December 1, 2001). 6. Cheng, H. K. , Sims, R. R. , and Teegen, H. (1999, Spring). To Purchase or to Private Software An Empirical Study. Journal of Management Information Systems Vol. 13, No . 4, p. 49- 60. 7. Gopal, R. D. , & Sanders, G. L. (1997, Spring). Preventive and Deterrent Controls for Software Piracy. Journal of Management Information Systems Vol. 13 No. 4. pp. 29- 47. 30 8. Hinman, Lawrence M. (2001, September 15). Ethic Updates online. Available http//ethics. acusd. edu/index. tml. (October 25, 2001). 9. Jamison, B. , Gold, J. & Jamison, W. (1997). Electronic merchandising 23 Steps to ESelling Profits. New York, NY McGraw Hill. 10. Lending, D. & Slaughter, S. A. (2001, April). Research in progress the personal effects of ethical climate on attitudes and behaviors toward software piracy. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR convocation on Computer personnel research. p. 198- 200. 11. Limayem, Moez, Khalifa, Mohamed , Chin, Wynne W. (1999, January). Factors Motivating Software Piracy. Proceeding of the 20th outside(a) conference on Information Systems, p. 124- 13. 12.Scott, Thomas J. , Kallman, Ernest A. , Lelewer, Debra. (1994 November). Ethical Issues Involv ing the Internet. Proceedings of the conference on Ethics in the computer age. pp. 31- 32. 13. Thong, J. Y. L. , & Yap, C. S. (1998, Summer). Testing and Ethical DecisionMaking system The Case of Softlifting. Journal of Management Information Systems Vo. 15, No. 1. pp. 213- 237. 14. U. S. Department of muscle Computer Incident Advisory Capability Information Bulletin. (1998, March 12). Internet Cookies. online. Available http//ciac. llnl. gov/ciac/bulletins/i- 034. shtml. (October 26, 2001). 31