Fuzzy Logic Control Implementation On Pic Microcontroller

fuzzed Logic Control Implementation On photographic film Micro dictationlerConventional pelvic inflammatory disease meshlers were use as a underwrite st sitegy for various industrial touch geniuss from many years due to their simplicity in operation. They used mathematical models to ascendence the plant for incompatible extremity arrest applications. wooly system of logical system sottishd bid systems were introduced by Lotfi Zadeh to optimize the process underwrite parameters in better way. In this paper, we drive home utilise a DC motor ensure strategy with the help of pelvic inflammatory disease restraint.Then we willing optimize it with the help of fogged logic ascendance. The muzzy logic program line strategy shows the improvement in various control parameters deal maximum overshoot, benttling conviction for the DC motor control as comp bed with pelvic inflammatory disease control strategy. This shows the superiority of groggy logic control over comparative full derivative ascendence.I. INTRODUCTIONpelvic inflammatory disease (proportional integral derivative) control is one of the earlier control strategies. Its early implementation was in pneumatic devices, followed by vacuum and solid state analog electronics, before arriving at todays digital implementation of microprocessors. It has a simple control structure which was understood by plant operators and which they found relatively easy to tune. Since many control systems employ pelvic inflammatory disease control have proved satisfactory, it still has a dewy-eyed range of applications in industrial control. pelvic inflammatory disease control has been an active question topic for many years. Since many process plants controlled by pelvic inflammatory disease controllers have identical dynamics it has been found possible to clip satisfactory controller parameters from less plant in ca-caation than a complete mathematical model. Fuzzy logic is a method of rule- ant ecedentd decisiveness making used for quick-witted systems and process control that emulates the rule-of-thumb thought process used by adult malee beings. Due to these properties, stuporous logic derriere be used to control a process that a human peck control manually with expertise acquited from experience. The lingual control rules that a human expert can describe in an intuitive and superior general manner can be directly translated to a rule base for a fuzzy logic controller. In this paper DC motor is first tuned using fuzzy logic controller and then we will be using fuzzy logic controller to improve the various process parameters follow.II. PROPORTIONAL fullDERIVATIVE CONTROLLERThe pelvic inflammatory disease controller is the most common form of feedback. It was an essential element of early governors and it became the standard tool when process control emerged in the 1940s. In process control, more than 95% of the control loops are of PID type, most loops are actual ly PI control. PID controllers are today found in all areas where control is used. The controllers come in many different forms. There are standalone systems in boxes for one or a few loops, which are manufactured by the hundred thousands yearly. PID control is an important ingredient of a distributed control system. The controllers are overly embedded in many special purpose control systems. PID control is often combined with logic, sequential functions, selectors, and simple function blocks to gain the complicated automation systems used for energy production, transportation, and manufacturing. Many sophisticated control strategies, such as model predictive control, are also unionized hierarchically. PID control is used at the lowest level the multivariable controller gives the representpoints to the controllers at the lower level. It is an important component in every control engineers tool box. PID controllers have survived many changes in technology, from mechanics and pneu matics to microprocessors via electronic tubes, transistors, integrated circuits. The microprocessor has had a dramatic influence on the PID controller. a lot all PID controllers made today are based on microprocessors. This has given opportunities to provide additional features like automatic tuning, gain scheduling, and unremitting adaptation.Controllers are boded to eliminate the need for continuous operator attention. travel control in a car and a house check are common examples of how controllers are used to automatically adjust slightly variable to hold the bar (or process variable) at the set-point. The set-point is where you would like the metre to be. Error is defined as the difference between set-point and measurement.error = set-point measurementThe variable being adjusted is called the manipulated variable which usually is equal to the takings of the controller. The output of PID controllers will change in repartee to a change in measurement or set-point. Manu facturers of PID controllers use different names to identify the three modes. These equations show the relationshipsP (Proportional) = 100/gainI (Integral) = 1/reset (units of time)D (Derivative) = rate = pre-act (units of time)Depending on the manufacturer, integral or reset action is set in either time/repeat or repeat/time. One is just the reciprocal of the other. blood that manufacturers are not consistent and often use reset in units of time/repeat or integral in units of repeats/time. Derivative and rate are the same. Choosing the proper grades for P, I, and D is known as PID Tuning.A feedback control system measures the output variable and sends the control signal to the controller. The controller compares the value of the output signal with a reference value and gives the control signal to the final control element.The equation of ideal PID controller is$$ C(s) = K_p + frac K_i s + K_ds = fracK_ds2 + K_ps + K_i s $$III. hazy LOGIC CONTROLLERFuzzy logic is a method of rul e-based decision making used for expert systems and process control that emulates the rule-of-thumb thought process used by human beings. The basis of fuzzy logic is fuzzy set theory which was developed by Lotfi Zadeh in the 1960s. Fuzzy set theory differs from traditional Boolean (or two-valued) set theory in that partial(p) rank in a set is allowed. Traditional Boolean set theory is two-valued in the sense that a member belongs to a set or does not and is represented by 1 or 0, respectively. Fuzzy set theory allows for partial membership, or a degree of membership, which readiness be any value along the continuum of 0 to 1. A linguistic term can be defined quantitatively by a type of fuzzy set known as a membership function. The membership function specifically defines degrees of membership based on a property such as temperature or pressure. With membership functions defined for controller or expert system inputs and outputs, the formulation of a rule base of IF-THEN type condi tional rules is done. Such a rule base and the correspondent membership functions are employed to analyze controller inputs and determine controller outputs by the process of fuzzy logic inference. By defining such a fuzzy controller, process control can be implemented quickly and easily. Many such systems are difficult or unrealistic to model mathematically, which is required for the design of most traditional control algorithms. In addition, many processes that might or might not be model mathematically are too complex or nonlinear to be controlled with traditional strategies. However, if a control strategy can be set forth qualitatively by an expert, fuzzy logic can be used to define a controller that emulates the heuristic rule-of-thumb strategies of the expert. Therefore, fuzzy logic can be used to control a process that a human can control manually with expertise gained from experience. The linguistic control rules that a human expert can describe in an intuitive and gener al manner can be directly translated to a rule base for a fuzzy logic controller.IV. PROBLEM FORMULATIONA DC motor is taken as a case study and the control is achieved using conventional PID controller and intelligent fuzzy logic based controller. The comparison of both the controller performance is analyzed.After analyzing,implement it on microcontrollers.V. DC MOTOR CONTROL USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERIn classical control techniques PID controller was used as a standard control structure.Due to nonlinearities in the process the performance of the industrial machinery is greatly distorted and the efficiency is reduced. The new technique which uses fuzzy and PID controllers is considered as the extension of the conventional technique, because it preserves the linear structure of PID controller. These controllers are designed using the basic principle of fuzzy logic control to obtain a new controller that possesses analytical formulas similar to digital PID controllers. Fuzzy PID con trollers have variable control gains in their linear structure. These variable gains are nonlinear function of the errors and ever-changing rates of error signals. These variable gains help in improving the boilersuit performance due to their characteristics features like self-tuned mechanism which can adapt to speedy changes of the errors and rate of change of error caused by time delay effects, nonlinearities and uncertainties of the process.VII. shutdownIn this paper a DC motor is controlled using fuzzy logic and PID controller. A mathematical model to control the DC motor is developed and the motor is controlled using conventional PID controller. The show results so obtained show that the PID controller gives high overshoot and cave in time. Hence, fuzzy logic controller design was proposed and implemented using the principles of soupy intelligence. The fuzzy logic control will be implemented and the response will be compared with conventional PID controller. The fuzzy logic control shows a better control of motor parameters as compared with the conventional PID controllerVII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTIt gives us immense pleasure to express our gratitude to all(prenominal) individual associated directly or indirectly with the successful completion of the report. We would like to express our thanks towards our project Guide Prof. Dr. R.B.Ghongade for his invaluable cooperation and guidance that he gave us throughout our project. We would also like to thank our Head of Department, Prof.P.D.Khandekar for inspire us and providing us all the lab facilities with the internet, which made the project pass very convenient.VIII. REFERENCES1 Erdal Kayacan and Okyay kaynak, An Adaptive Grey Fuzzy PID Controller With multivariate Prediction Horizon, SCISISIS2006 Tokyo, Japan (September 20-24, 2006) 760-7652 B.G. Hu, G.K.I Mann and R.G Gosine, New methodology for analytical and optimal design of fuzzy PID controllers, IEEE Transaction of fuzzy systems, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 5 21-539, 19993 Awang N.I. Wardana, PID-Fuzzy Controller for labour Cooler in Cement Plant, IEEE transaction of fuzzy system, no.7, vol. 32, 2005, 1345-1351.4 Han-Xiong Li,Lei Zhang, Kai-Yuan Cai, And Guanrong Chen, An Improved buirdly Fuzzy-PID Controller With Optimal Fuzzy Reasoning, IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man, And Cybernetics Part B Cybernetics, Vol. 35, No. 6, December 2005 1283-12925 Isin Erenoglu, Ibrahim Eksin, Engin Yesil and Mujde Guzelkaya, An intelligent hybrid fuzzy PID controller, in Proceedings of 20th European Conference on Modeling and Simulation, 2006.6 6 Leehter Yao and Chin-Chin Lin, role of Gain Scheduled Fuzzy PID Controller, World Academy of Science, engineering science and Technology 1 2005, 152-156

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change

Impact On indigence At quantifys Of mixtureThis body of puzzle out focuses on a research topic Impact on motivating at time of switch on separate, on the bum of the theories of Research Methodology for Business.The outline of the project ordain coverChapter 1 provides the background of the study underlining main objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study.Chapter 2 focuses on worldwide definitions. Models and theories related to pauperization, draws appearance influencing motivating at time of neuter and consultation appendage methods and models will be reviewed and described.References1.1 BackgroundIn topical times, disposals atomic number 18 marked by constant changes taking place in its orientation, strategies and even structural ensn ar up. The wreakers quest to constantly adapt themselves to such(prenominal) changes. This frequently cause stress on their mindset and appropriate their school quality. At this juncture it is beta to shove a panache some(prenominal) misconception or doubts and rent back the trust, which is extremely essential for the organizational succeeder. In set out to hail through this, inherent converse requests to be strong and effective. in that respect is a possibility the motivation in the custody might be restored through prospered parley within the organization.Information engineering science provides some(prenominal) options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of communicating during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to present communication also might help a lot to potpourri out the differences. There hand been nearly separate studies about attractorship and grapevine communication.According to McKenna (2000), loss leaders is an art that enkindle get the optimum work inevitable for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations refinements to his team members. He does non discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an in d home(a) dress way that leads to more interaction and therefore develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment. Most of the studies so far keep back taken the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary appears in c ar and organizational demeanor (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portrayed in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given.According to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organisational Structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and permission and decision making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination and communication among the organiz ational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008).Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is non a depend able source and sewernot provide full information and maybe distorted. (Harris Hartman, 2002). In the article, Heard it through the grapevine for communicating during change, facts and tips by Baxter-Southward, an extensive study has been done about grapevine communication- the interdicts and the positives, and how to brood with this in organizations.However the right on answer can be provided by a proper keep up of the opinions of managers and workers. Whether such communication actually restores the faith and motivation is the bea to be explored in this research.1.2 Objectives, research questions and research hypothesesThe objective of this study is to deal with the issue relating to organizational appearance and organizational development. This study is to analyze whether the successful communication by the organization to its employees at the time of change will provide in the touch offd workforce. to boot, the research will analyze the effectiveness of effective leadership and managerial as a means to improve productivity, employee hypothesize satisfaction and commitment.The core objectives of the study beTo understand the reaction of workforce to organizational change (qualitative and quantitative analysis)To understand the measures normally adopted by the managers under such circumstances (qualitative analysis from the questions asked during survey).To find out whether communication within the organization help in motivating workers (quantitative analysis).Based on objectives, conceptualizing structure for this research has been developed. The main variables argon evidently showed through ordered analysis in the structure. Based on this structure, the null and alternative hypotheses be developed as the getingsThe reaction of the workforce is positive or interdict at the time of changeManagers can or cannot twine the motivation and hence the productivity of employees.Successful national communication affects or does not affects the motivation within workforce at times of change.1.3 Scope miscellevery is inevitable. Whether an employee is at the top or the bottom of an organization, one thing employee can count on in the future is that in that location will be change. In this turbulent environs it is important for the managers to react quickly. motif of employees at the time of change via successful communication will be described. Moreover, it will be analyzed whether communication can or cannot bring a motivated workforce. Further more, the current research will be focussed on essence of good leaders in motivating employees and increase productivity..2.1 qualifying and Change ManagementSuccess is not just for survival of the fittest it must be achieved in a world of intense competition, continue globalization, and rapid technology change (Schermerhorn, 1996). Currently change has become the commence and parcel of every organization to predict future trends and to forecast the changes that need to be encountered. Change is an ongoing process in every organization and for the organization to be successful and survive in a energetic environment, it is important to set about effective management of human resources(Mullin, 2005). spate argon the study resource of any organization (MULLINS, 2005). The efficiency of staff, their commitment towards the aims of the organization, and the skills and attitudes they bring to stand on the quality of service offered will undoubtedly affect the overall success of an organization (MULLINS, 2005)So in order to achieve success, it is vital for the organization to develop communication processes, motivation processes and a work environment that will help to ensure that individuals will deliver results in accordance with expectations of management.2.1.1 Core Principals that revolves around changeAccording to Bernstein ( 2003) over 70 % of all organizational change efforts fail to meet expectation and delivered mean results. Before implementing change in an organization it is very important for the leader to understand the difference between the change and the transition process. Additionally, a leader should keep in mind that the success of change implementation process is a give away exertionr of how organization will deal with changes, how changes argon directed and administered by the leader.According to Barons Greenberg (1990) thither several principals about change muckle perception about changeIndividual barriers to changestinting insecurityFear to Unkn causeThreats to social relationshipHabitsFailure to credit need for changeAdditionally Barons Greenberg (1990) listed the following organization barriers to change structural inertiaWork group inertiaThreat to quick fit of powerPreviously unsuccessful change effortsAccording to Bennis, Benne, Chin, R. (1985) thither are several key dr ivers to changeNature of workforceCompetitionTechnologyEconomic ShocksChanging social trendsWorld politics2.1.2Types of changeFig1 Types of changesAckerman (1997) has autocratic between triad types of changeType of ChangeDescriptiondevelopmentalPlanned or emergent incremental. It is change that enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organization, often focusing on the improvement of a skill or process.transitionalEpisodic, planned, seeks to achieve a known desired state that is different from the existing one. It is and second order.TransformationalRadical or second order in nature. It requires a shift in assumptions made by the organization and its members. tooth root http//rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM06299.html2.1.3 validation Change Management ModelKurt Lewin proposed a collarsome stage possibleness of change ordinarily referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). surmise was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extrem ely relevant.UnfreezingChangingRefreezingFig 2 Stages in Change routineStagesDescriptionUnfreezingOld ideas and practices need to be cast aside so that invigorated one can be learned.ChangingNew ideas and practices are learned. This involves helping an employee think moderatenesss and perform in rising ways.RefreezingIt means what ever has been learned is integrated into actual practice. inauguration http//www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.htmlBased on Hayes (2002) research of the most effective and comm hardly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three phasesPreparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development)Managing change (Detailed be after and change management implementation)Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition)(Shown in figure 3)Fig 3 Change management process phases start http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm2.1.4 courses in change ProcessPeople discern change processes in seven typical stages (IPA, 2001).For successful implementation of change processes, it is important for managers to analyze that in which phase they can anticipate what type of troubles and military posts. The seven stages areShock and Surprise defence reaction and RefusalRational taking into custodyEmotional credenzaExercises and LearningRealization integratingMainly flourishing organizations are those that are able to alter themselves to new environment rapidly. This requires planned learning and training processes that lead to better organizational efficiency. In an ideal world, employees are able to reflect their own behavior in relation to the organizational context (e.g. processes, products, resources, customers).Fig 4 sensed Competence vs. TimeSource http//hr-horizons.blogspot.com/Fig 5 Description of PhasesPhaseDescriptionShock and SurpriseConfrontation with unexpected situations. This can continue by accident (e.g. losses in crabbed busin ess units) or planned events (e.g. workshops for individualal development and team cognitive operation improvement). These situations make the great unwashed realize that their own patterns of doing things are not suitable for new conditions any more. Thus, their perceived own competence decreases.Denial and RefusalPeople activate set as support for their conviction that change is not necessary. Hence, they believe there is no need for change their perceived competency increases again.Rational UnderstandingPeople realize the need for change. According to this insight, their perceived competence decreases again. People focus on finding short term solutions, thus they only cure symptoms. There is no willingness to change own patterns of behavior.Emotional AcceptanceThis phase, which is also called crisis is the most important one. Only if management succeeds to create willingness for changing values, beliefs, and behaviors, the organization will be able to exploit their real poten tials. In the worst case, however, change processes will be stopped or slowed downward(a) here.Exercising and LearningThe new acceptance of change creates a new willingness for learning. People start to try new behaviors and processes. They will experience success and failure during this phase. It is the change managers task to create some early wins (e.g. by starting with easier projects). This will lead to an increase in commonwealths perceived own competence.Realization.People gather more information by learning and exercising. This cognition has a feedback-effect. People understand which behavior is effective in which situation. This, in turn, opens up their minds for new experiences. These extended patterns of behavior increase organizational flexibility. sensed competency has reached a higher aim than prior to change.IntegrationPeople totally integrate their newly acquired patterns of thinking and acting. The new behaviors become routine.Source CA Carnall 2007 Managing Ch ange in Organization Pearson Education2.1.5 Resistance to ChangeFig 6 Resistance to changeResistance to change consists of any employee behavior designed to discredit, delay or prevent the implementation of work change. According to Kotter (1996) foeman to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Most of actions that are taken to manage change fail due to improper planning and implementation (Coriat, 2002).There are three different types of stoma opportunity among employees (Newstrom Davis, 1993)1. limpid Resistance2. Psychological Resistance3. Sociological ResistanceFig 7 Types of ResistanceType of resistanceDescriptionLogical ResistanceTime required to adjustExtra effort to relearnPossibility of slight desirable conditionEconomic cost of changeQuestioned technical feasibility of changePsychological ResistanceFear to unknown base margin of changeDislike of management or other change cistron Lack of trust in others occupy for securitySociological resistancepolitical coalitionsopposing group valuesParochial, narrow outlookVested delightDesired to retain existing friendshipSource http//www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htmAccording to Kotter Schlesinger (1979) there are four main sources raft in an organization resist changeParochial self interestMisunderstandingLow leeway to change divergent assessment of the situationsFig 8 fountains for changeReason for ChangeDescriptionParochial self interestPeople are more concerned about the effect of change on themselves rather than its consequences on the success of business.MisunderstandingCommunicationInadequate informationLow tolerance to changePeople are more interested in doing one kind of work because of security and stability in their work.Different assessment of the situationsDifferent people have different opinion for the reason for change. Some consider it as advantageous and others disadvantage ous.Source http//www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.htmlKotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested ways to deal with the changesEducation and communicationParticipation and intricacyFacilitation and supportNegotiation and haveManipulation and co-optionExplicit and Implicit coercionFig 9 Reasons for overcoming resistance to changeReasons for OvercomingDescriptionEducation and communicationEducate people about the change effort in advance by heavy(a) them trainings so they can understand the logic behind the change.Participation and involvementWhen employees are briskly involved in the change they are most likely to buy into change rather than resist them.Facilitation and supportWhen people are trying to adjust with the situation, managers plays an important role by prominent employees full support they require during the transition period.Negotiation and SupportWhen somebody loose out into change the managers can combat resistance by offering incentives to employees so that they do not resist changing.Manipulation and co-optionIt involves the patronizing gesture in bringing a person into a change management planning group just for sake of appearance rather than substantive contribution.Explicit and Implicit coercionManagers can implicitly and explicitly force employee to accept change by making them illuminate that resisting changing can lead to losing rail lines.Sourcehttp//www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html2.2 MotivationThe train of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). I n a turbulent environment where changes take place very often, therefore it becomes important for managers to analyze the level of motivation of each employee.Every individual have their own set of reasons to get motivated. Some individuals are motivated by financial factors charm others are motivated by non financial factors illustrated in externalize 10. Motivation can be classified as external or internal motivation. Finishing deadline on time is an example of external motivation. The fear of loosing a job in case of uncompleted task is an example of internal motivation. Both the external and internal motivation is equally powerful. write in code 10 Financial Non financial motivatorsThe four most powerful type of motivation that can influence an individual are listed belowFigure 11 Types of motivationType of MotivationDescriptionIntrinsic motivation felicity in the work itself (pleasure, stimulation, learning etc)Extrinsic motivationRewards for doing the work (money, promotion , perks etc) own(prenominal) motivationIndividual values (a love of knowledge, power, security, self-expression etc)Interpersonal motivationThe influence of other people (competition, collaboration, commitments etc)Human beings are complex in nature, and are usually motivated by a combination of four elements. Figure 11 illustrates 4 types of motivation, which come together to produce four key areas for the managers to focus on when trying to motivate their employees.Figure 11 four key elements of motivationSource http//www.wishfulthinking.co.uk/2009/02/11/motivation-during-a-recession/2.2.1 Major Theories of MotivationMotivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Figure below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the e mployees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole.Figure 12 Theories of Motivation2.2.1.1 Need ApproachesMaslows Hierarchy of NeedsFigure 13 Shows Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsBy applying Maslows speculation of motivation, modern leaders and managers find way of employee motivation for the reason of worker and workforce management. According to Maslow the humans are motivated by un meet needs and the needs which are at low level should be satisfied initially and then the higher order need should be looked upon. As given in Figure 13 there are five general needs of the humans that should be satisfied before the human start behaving unselfishly. Therefore, in a real work time scenario it becomes important for the leader to understand which needs is currently active for an individual employee motivation.Alderfers ERG TheoryFigure 14 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory NeedsSourcehttp//www.envisionsoftware.com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory.gifAccording to ERG theory, leaders m ust identify that employees have multiple desires to sate at the same time. In addition, if the employee is not given enough chance for development, the employee can go back to relatedness needs. So it becomes important for the managers to recognize this situation so that deliberate steps can be taken on relatedness needs until the employee is able to follow the way towards growth again.Herzbergs Two operator TheoryFigure 15 Hygiene and Motivation FactorsSourcehttp//www.biomedcentral.com/ gist/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpgThe psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. The results of its finding revealed that there are some factors of a job which are constantly connected to job satisfaction, small-arm dissimilar factors are linked with job dissatisfaction. The hygiene and motivation factors are illustrated in Figure 15.To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to take up a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need decimate the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help them find satisfaction.McClellands Learned Needs TheoryMcClelland theory of human motivation also known as three need theory or learned theory, segments the needs as followNeed for achievementNeed for powerNeed for affiliation from each one of these needs will differ from one person to another. If the manager is able to recognize the significance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help the managers to set apart how an individual can be influenced.Summary of Need ApproachesFigure 16 likeness of Need Theories2.2.1.2 Cognitive ApproachExpectancy TheoryFigure 17 Expectancy TheoryAccording to expectancy theory, every person has their own set of different goals and they can be motivated if they have certain level of expectation. Vrooms expectancy theory is based on three variables i.e. valence, expectancy and Instrumentality valances.Fi gure 18 Valence, Expectancy Instrumentality justness Theory/ Social Comparison TheoryFigure 18 fair play TheorySource http//www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htmEquity theory states that employee always tend to equalize the situation (Outcomes) they get while working in relation to what they invested (Inputs). Additionally they also willing to compare what are the ratio between what they get from what they put in. Moreover people also attempt to compare their infix and outputs with their coworkers as illustrated in Figure 19.Figure 19 Equity ComparisonSource http//www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htmGoal Setting Theory of MotivationFigure 20 Goal TheorySource http//faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.htmlThis theory aims to recognize the kind of goals that are most competent in producing high level of motivation among the workers. Moreover, if employees have goals to aim for, under this circumstance the employee will perform better.Therefore it becomes importa nt for the managers to analyze which goals can motivate which employee. In order for the managers to understand while setting goals for the individual, the managers should set the goals that areClear (not vague) and understandableChallengingAchievable.2.2.1.3 backup TheoryReinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when some actions are taken. External environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals behaviour.Figure 21 Types of ReinforcementTypes of ReinforcementDescriptionPositive reinforcementThis implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behavior.Negative reinforcementThis implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesir able consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behaviour.ExtinctionIt implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the opportunity of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviourPunishmentIt implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for wake undesirable behaviour.Source http//www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm2.3 Leadership Style and CommunicationLeadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Kurt Lewin,1939). Leadership Style influences the level of motivation of employees. Different Leaders have different style for managing the employees working under them. Fig explains the styl e of leadership influencing the motivation of employees.Figure 22 Leadership Style Vs motivationSource http//www.motivation-tools.com/workplace/leadership_styles.htmThere have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment and motivation.

Duties and responsibilities of a cabin crew

Duties and responsibilities of a cabin caboodleIN-FLIGHT MODULEcabin lot is primarily aboard an aircraft for the safety and welf ar of the passengers and for their comfort. If there were no go of food or drink during a escape cock, there would still concord to be a minimum presence of cabin bunch for safety, which is a legal requirement. (essence-learning.com, 2014)The role can be physic eachy and emotionally demanding. confine crew be expected to potful with all passengers diplomatically, even when nip the effects of travelling through measure zones and spending extended periods of clock time on their feet. (targetjobs, 2014)Some of these roles include supplying passengers with newspapers, magazines and in- escape amusement, checking the state and provision of requisite equipment and information for passengers, demonstrating emergency equipment and safety procedures administering first aid and dealing with emergencies, address passengers as they board and exit the pla ne, showing passengers to their seats and providing special precaution to certain passengers, such as the elderly or disabled and producing create verbally flight reports after completing a journey. (targetjobs, 2014)As cabin crew, their responsibilities are to greet the passengers as they board the aircraft, direct them to their seats and ensure that the complete luggage is safety stored away in the overhead cabins. Once all the passengers are on board then the cabin crew read the emergency procedures whilst the plane is preparing for takeoff. During a flight thecrew membersassist passengers, list calls on behalf of the captain, attend to food, drinks and sell traffic free goods. (essence-learning.com, 2014)In case of emergencies, cabin crews are there to reassure passengers so that they follow the correct emergency procedures. The crew may have to deal with several emergencies such as cabin fires or first aid situations. At the end of a flight cabincrew membersare there to make sure that passengers disembark the aircraft safely. Thecrew membersare then asked to complete a written report that records all full stops of the flight. (Essence-Learning.com, 2014)Cabin crew besides make periodic announcements to passengers about flight conditions and arrival times. They also make sure that passengers with special call for are cared for in an appropriate manner. (anon, 2014)The range of command on any aircraft isCaptainFirst officerCabin ManagerFlight AttendantThe overall responsibility for the safe surgical operation of an aircraft and the safety of its passengers lies with the Captain, further you as operating crew are accountable to the Captain in being capable through your flight co-occurrence training to be able to fulfill your safety responsibilities. (flight-attendant-careers.com, 2014) Within the cabin crew job market, air lanes employ a vast number of masses into cabin crew support roles. These support positions provide a salient way to ga in cabin crew experience, and learn about how the airline sedulousness works. (cabincrew.com, 2014)Many airport-based ground staff performs these support roles. Jobs in the industry which fall into the category of cabin crew support include crew planning, crew control, human resources and crew training. There is a great deal of planning and scheduling work that goes into flights, so administration staff testament be on hand to assist at pre-flight briefings, ensuring air cabin crew are being correctly assigned their working positions, and find out any changes to how the flight will be managed. (cabincrew.com, 2014)Airlines frequently use codes in the form of abbreviated words or letters. This list covers some of the roughly frequently used words. The following computer codes are used in messages from airlinesCHNT Change Name ToETA Estimated Time of ArrivalFLTFO Flight InfoHTL HotelMCO dissimilar Charge OrderNOSH No showOW One-wayPNR rider Name RecordRCFM ReconfirmSPAV Space AvailableSSR Special portion RequestTKT TicketWCHR Wheel ChairFLY Finley in Australia eve Evenes in NorwayTOY Toyama in JapanDAY Dayton in Ohio, united StatesNYC New York CityAVML Asian Vegetarian repastBBML Infant/ Baby solid foodCHML Child MealDBML Diabetic MealFPML Fruit Platter MealSFML Seafood MealTypes of duties cabin crew may have to undertake cabin crew seat and working position roster duty physical exertion stand-by duty.There are two types of standby, stem reserve and Airport reserve.Home reserve means that you are on standby at domicile ready to take a call on your mobile knell or landline from flight scheduling that may assign you a flight or upgrade your status to field reserve.Field modesty on the other hand, means that you are on standby but in the flight operations building at the airport with your flight handbag, trolley and suitcase, ready to be assigned any flight that needs to be covered.Duties before the pre-flight briefing include, ch ecking roster and updates, check health, safety and protection measure notices, check flight details (crew names, crew positions, divergence gate, and aircraft registration. Importance of time keeping prior to a pre-flight briefing to be prepared consequences of young arrival precedent cabin crew offloaded from other flights, late departure of aircraft, disciplinary action. (anon, 2014)Elements of a pre-flight briefing include introduction to the crew, operating positions and responsibilities, unvaried standards checked, aircraft information, health, safety and security memos, updates and notices read and understood, order of bar, meal and duty-free value and guard and Emergency Procedures (SEP) scenario questions. (anon, 2014)Elements of post-flight briefing include reconciliation paperwork for bars and monies transfer in, flight paperwork completed and filed example cabin defects reported and flight evaluation. (anon, 2014) ask for and relay safety equipment and procedure s (SEP) during a pre-flight briefing include respond to Safety and Emergency Procedures (SEP) scenario questions example safety, security, in-flight medical care, location of emergency equipment, respond in a timely manner, with composure and professional attitude. (anon, 2014)Complete documentation relating to a pre-flight briefing in readiness for the flight include flight detail form (crew names and signatures, rest and duty hour, number of crew bags, equipment and security checks completed), toilet servicing form. (anon, 2014)The magnificence of timekeeping includes, being prepared, consequences of late arrival example offloading of crew, late departure of aircraft.Personal presentation on and off duty and during stopovers, uniform standards, dress code for training and stopovers, adhering to grooming standards, professionalism, personal appearance, importance example creating a positive organizational image, maintaining organizational standards. (anon, 2014)Importance of busi ness vigilance and prioritization of tasks include routine and non-routine tasks, prioritize tasks in order of importance, and prioritize tasks in order of legal and regulatory requirements. (anon, 2014)Customer relationship management following company procedures and industry standards providing excellent customer service ensuring passenger welfare importance example to keep customers, to reward loyal customers, to suck in new customers. (anon, 2014)Referenceshttp//www.flight-attendant-careers.com/flight-attendant-training.htmlhttp//www.essence-learning.com/blog/duties-and-responsibilities-of-a-cabin-crewhttp//targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descriptions/277171-airline-cabin-crew-job-descriptionhttp//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/airport_code.htmhttp//www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC%20Specialist%20Qualifications/BA025387-BTEC-L2-Introduction-to-Cabin-Crew-spec.pdf

The link between Social Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties

The cogitate between Social Emotional and behavioral Difficultiesthither is a continuous interest in the emerging organic anatomical structure of literature to investigating the link between accessible, emotional and demeanour difficulties (SEBD) and speech, vocabulary and intercourse difficulties (SLCN).SEBD in children with SLCN is determined as a concern knowledge base of enquiry in recent years. The literature regales Education, Health and Social discriminate as its three major perspectives. This essay centers on primary come children with SEBD and SLCN, from an education perspective and it covers certain facts, co morbidities, and the causes from the literature in catch the link between SEBD and SLCN. Fin solelyy, it highlights the regard for and study (on this topic) by respective(a) professionals.historyThe word Social has been introduced to Emotional, behavioral difficulties (EBD) in the year 1998. Nevertheless, children experiencing SEBD be considered wi th Special Educational Needs (SEN) by the Code of Practice, (2001).Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD) refers to the three potential argonas of developmental worry of a child to understand, express, train and acknowledge in a given context.Speech Langu term and talk Needs (SLCN) refer mainly to Expressive (use of words and sentences, vocabulary and grammar broadly), undefendable (understanding the speech converse and processing the in establishation) and Pragmatic ( us sequence of dustup in a loving context) wrangle difficulties.Population study of children with SEBD and Communication DifficultiesNearly 71% of the children with SEBD argon set of having communication difficulties (Benner et al 2002). These studies were based on 26 papers on the link between SEBD and communication difficulties. In angiotensin converting enzyme of their studies, the overall mean of prevalence rate was found to be 63% in children with speech problems previously diagnosed in speech clinics and 46 % in children served in a variety of settings in general macrocosm.The research indicates the flow rate estimation of prevalence in children with communication difficulties inEngland and Wales is nearly 10% and alike children with SEBD are inclined towards having communication difficulties (Law et al 2000). Children with receptive spoken language impairments are at greater endangerment for ontogenesis SEBD (Beitchman et al., 1996).Approximately 3% of enlighten children are having severe form of Attention Deficit Hyperacctive b other(a) (ADHD) and are at high stake of anti-social behaviour as fountainhead as pathetic conduct. At to the lowest degree 10% of school age children are stirred by motor or vocal tics, or a combination of some(prenominal). Recent population studies estimate thatat least 1% of general populationof school age children are affected by a clinically handicapping Touretts syndrome. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder affects (1%) of s chool age children. They display obsessions and compulsions, which are considered as a neuropsychiatric rowdyism states Gillberg (2005).The study from the literature strongly indicates that the language impairment and social, emotional and behavioural difficulties are inter cerebrate. (Cross, 2004).Co- morbidity of language impairment and SEBDStudies show that childrenwith SEBD apply been analyze for the co-occurrence of language difficulties where Benner (2002) finds 71% of the children being experiencing language difficulties signifi scum bagtly and other authors argue if it is due to a core neurological deficit.Botting and Conti-Ramsden (2000), has identified 40% of children with combined expressive and receptive language problems are near possible to envision behavioural problems and antisocial problems. Also Ripley and Yuill (2005) reported that expressive difficulties were linked to high direct of emotional symptoms and tend to increase with the age of the child.psychiat ric Comorbidity It is noniced that 42% of children who had speech or language difficulties at the age 5 had psychiatric disorder when diagnosed (Beitchman et al 1996).30% of seven to eighter year olds were determined as having difficulties of specialized language impairments, on the core scale of the instructor completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from both the special and mainstream schools (Lindsay and Dockrell, 2000).The ascertained destiny of children referring child psychiatric services for behavioural and emotional problems having unsuspected language impairment is 33% (Cohen et al, 1993). The prevalence from other studies also suggests that instruction difficulties erect account for high percentage of language problems in children with SEBD (Cross 2004).Estimation of support prevalence of language deficits in children who exhibit anti-social behaviour is 10 clock that of the general population (Donahue et al, 1994), also the strengths of relationship b etween language disorders and anti-social behaviour may increase throughout the life (Cantwell 1991).Henceforth, it is an established fact that a child with language difficulties is bound to have emotional and behavioural difficulties which further on have a tendency to rise.CharacteristicsChildren identified with SLCN may contact and experience problems such(prenominal)(prenominal) as usage of vocabulary, understanding and recalling information, processing information, maintaining attention, adjacent instructions by listening, taking part actively in non-homogeneous activities or joining in group discussions, relating to peers , memorizing specific vocabulary (SENCo Newsletter, 2010).Children with SEBD are more likely to be disruptive and disturbing, (they could be hyperactive, lack concentration, poor or immature social skills or personality disorders and quite a few exhibit challenging behaviours, mainly due to other analyzable special films). This could be temporary or per manent which hatful arrive as a barrier towards their ability to learn as they experience restlessness, social withdrawal, poor attention and isolation according to Teacher educational activity Agencys National SEN Specialist Standards in 1999.Also these children are subjected towards low levels of ego esteem, they lack inRegulating their emotions emotion regulation is a form of mental tick states Parrot (2001).Developing social cognition which can ace on to failure in learning at school, as a result of emotional damage (Saarni, 1999).The fact is neither are they very different from their peers, nor do they fall particularly under a homogenous group rather they can be considered on a continuum.In general, the disorders are based on DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of cordial Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). These disorders can be broadly divided as behavioural, emotional and developmental disorders. Other disorders include Developmental Disorders (like Autism seen as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder) and Reactive Attachment Disorder, Schizophrenia, eating disorder and Post-traumatic speech pattern Disorder (Cross 2004).Heneker, (2005) postulates an interesting way when making a distinction of these disorders. First, the less-obvious disorders such as fretting, school phobia, prolonged stress (due to various reasons such as transitions, communication difficulties, depression). Secondly, the well-known disorders such as, conduct disorders, hyperkinetic disorders. However, it is also possible that these disorders cover a wide range of abilities, including SLCN and some of the learning difficulties.Some of the causes and risk factors Earlier, children experiencing difficulties with social interactions, bad conduct disorders, children exhibiting high levels of frustrations due to peer- rejections/maladjusted, aggressive behaviour or inappropriate behaviour in adjusting to school environment were regarded as abnormal and immat ure social cognition (Happe and Frith 1996).It is not what we think or feel solely what we do that makes us maladjusted.continued severity fretfulness may get the break off of people and induce them to take frightening ill-considered action which is against their interest but it is the action and not the anxiety which ranks as maladjusted. (Scott, 1982).Fortin and Bigras (1994)claims that any of these below mentioned risk factors occur in isolation, addressing the labyrinthine interaction of thefactorsassociated withSEBD. The main factors being predisposing factor, child-based factors, contextual risk factors and also family-centered risk factors. They concluded that the accumulation of these factors increases the probabilitythat a child may develop SEBD.InterventionsWithin primary schools, there has been a growing wildness on encumbrances that can enable to bring difference in children identified with SEBD and also SLCN, with the aim of promoting the childs learning and deve lopment and level of school performance.By introducing the story tell intervention program called The Big Book of Storysharing by Peacey (2009), has demonstrated in legal transfer up a positive change while prioritizing on communication and sharing personal stories amongst primary school children from both mainstream and special schools. The nominate of this project is to develop social skills, language and communication skills.It has promoted positive attitudes and tale skills. Children from special school were able to use words or signs, scan eye contact while speaking, joining in narration by listening and telling stories, whereas the children from mainstream perceived to be more confident and gained joyfulness in narrating stories which shows the effectiveness of the project.PALS a program to develop Social Skills for children. It emphasis and aims towards building confidence in children and participate actively in social contexts. The main purpose of this program is to t each social skills such as listening, sharing, taking turns, dealing with feelings of fear,coping up with frustration, dealing with emotions effectively, etc. It is recognized by early childhood psychologists and NSW (New South Wales, Australia) that it reduces the problem behaviour and increases social skills significantly in children. It also indicates that children with internal behavioural difficulties (withdrawn, shyness, anxiousness, passivity) lack in communication skills which again has a significant effect in developing their social skills at schools and finally has an impact of low level of school achievement ( make, 2002).Henker (2005) proposed an individualized intervention for the children at a pre referral unit (PRU) who are identified for a specific communication need to ameliorate their skills such as vocabulary, social skills and speech, grammar. It has been noticed that children were able to show improvement in one or more area, where they were attending this spee ch and language therapy hebdomadally or twice a week. Evaluating lag questionnaires suggests that improvement has been obtained by the children with communication needs. storys of Intervention ProgramsPeacey (2009) conceives that this project can demonstrate well if a named person from each school takes in charge to mediate with other members of the staff to motivate and repeat or retell the stories for the children. The second factor is to chequer the age group of children has to be well chosen. Also this project did not demonstrate to be an effective one in beat childrens specific difference in their usage of language on the standardized assessments for the children who were at the early stage of language development and have showed only pocketable improvements as they were experiencing learning difficulties. However, it consists of certain drawbacks. When the children were assessed in the areas such as, attention, impulse control and flexibility it fails to identify and expl ain the gain of attention at both mainstream as well as special schools and it could not control impulses of all the children. It is time consuming (for the preparation of the project towards discussing objectives with the members for their participation and affirmation).Overall, the project has been identified for a positive outcome of making progress with the story telling skills where children enjoyed and valued their experiences and also it has established the concept of inclusion in both of the school cultures.The graph of the success rate indicates that PALS effectiveness is more on the age group ranging preschool children when compared to primary school elderly group of children. Cooper (2002), states that social skills interventions work less effective for primary school aged children and on the other hand it works more effectively for preschoolers.Explanation from literatureToday in United Kingdom the government is providing the fortune to the primary school teachers in v arious ways to provide better services to the children. For example, a SENCO training enables a class room teacher in understanding the different areas of difficulties experiencing by a child can play a full of life role with the support of specific frameworks. on that point are other professionals from the local authorities to liaise with in musical accompaniment children with special needs including children with social, emotional behavioural difficulties as well as speech, language and communication needs.A large portion of children (with 50 % or more) are entering primary schools with low language levels and 5-7% of children from general population are identified with SLCN. Limited usage of language can equalise making relationships with peers at school and which can also lead to behavioural problems in the future (SENCo Newsletter, 2010).Evaluations and limitationsThere are certain limitations to study the link between SEBD and SLCN. It is not always possible to identify la nguage difficulties in children with other learning difficulties as research suggests that children with language difficulties may have underlying cognitive processing delays (Beitchman et al 1998 Torgeson, 1998). Instruments currently available for measuring underlying cognitive process are less technically fitted than instruments designed to assess language development or academic achievement (Beitchman, et al 1998).Often a communication difficulty can be interpreted differently as a behavioural difficulty in some cases (for example, a child who is unable to convey a content to his friend while playing can behave in a noncompliant and aggressive way). In contrast a behavioural difficulty can be interpreted differently when the other person is conscious of the communication difficulty or need of that particular child.Language difficulties lead on to substantially high risk of anti-social behaviour. Receptive language difficulties not only go undetected but have adverse shun beha viour and have a profound affect on vital relationships throughout ones life span. Benner (2000). These childrentend to face a significant or highriskin attaining school achievement.On the other hand, most of the parents are unwilling to accept the fact that they are in need of help with regards to their childrens behavioural problems and look for help when they find and realize the situation, at a high risk. It is true that the response towards intervention programs is less when the behavioural problems are at an advanced stage. Parow (2009).Previous reviews of literature examined that relation between on wide range of antisocial behaviour and communication difficulties but very little of previous study or reviews focused specifically on Language skills of children identified with emotional, behavioural difficulties. This suggest the need for probe in understanding the link between SEBD and SLCN by diverse participants. outcomeThe Special Educational Needs (SEN) graph in England i ndicates the percentage level of children with SEBD inclines gradually with their age from primary school, whereas the SLCN tends to decline as the child grows. (Cross, 2009).There are substantial amounts of documented associations between behavioural difficulties and language and a large ratio of children with BESD have an underlying language problem. Expressive language difficulties are very apparent, but other language impairments can be harder to detect a receptive language difficulty could easily be missed as it most often gets considered as a learning difficulty.Nevertheless the relationship is unclear in identifying the primary difficulty in decision making clinically and it is not appropriate for the population of children where language difficulties are unidentified / unsuspected previously. The need to find how language structure emerges through varied time frames is crucial for the current researchers.Therefore, the research indicates the need to encourage diverse partic ipants for further research. In addition to public sectors of educational, health and social service or charity organizations rather include clinical psychologists, community developers, epidemiologists, medics, etc. should be involved.Note This essay consist of 2,519 words only excluding references.

Significance Of The Sermon Of The Mount Religion Essay

Significance Of The address Of The put whiz over Religion Es formulateIn this essay, I am going to explain the significance of the oration of the come on and how it relates to the rest of the teaching methods of messiah. I ordain start by defining the gist of the term language of the Mount, the significance of the sermon of the wax and the mental synthesis of the Sermon of the Mount in Matthew 53 7 27. Furthermore, I give discuss the key theological themes in the Sermon of the Mount. I will conclude by reflecting on the centrality of the Sermon of the Mount to the other teachings of delivery boy in the evangels.WHAT IS THE SERMON OF THE stand up?The term The Sermon of the Mount originated from the title of respect of Augustines commentary on Matthew 5 7, De Sermone Domini in Monte, which was published in 391 396 AD.Matthew 5 7 became well known as the Sermon on the Mount in the 16th Century. The modern term of Matthew 5 7 is Sermon on the plain. This term is use d principal(prenominal)ly to differentiate between Lukes shorter meter reading of the sermon of the mount from Matthews discrepancy. There argon two versions of the Sermon on the Mount Matthews versionMatthew 5 3 727 which consists of 106 verses. Lukes versionSermon on the plain Luke 620-49.1THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SERMON ON THE MOUNTETHICAL TEACHINGThe gospel of Matthew provided the Jewish Christians with evidences to ascertain their reliance in Jesus as the Messiah. Jesus in the gospel of Matthew introduced the land of heaven. Hence, the sermon of the mount is of great significance because it expounds the ethics of the Kingdom of heaven which was introduced by Christ Jesus. Therefore, the sermon of the mount summarised the code of conduct in this new state of heaven. Furthermore, the sermon of the mount set the standards of discipleship in the soil of heaven. In this sermon, Jesus showed his disciples how to live the sp respectableliness of the farming. This kingdom way of musical accompaniment lays great emphasis on the knowledgeable life which is in personal line of credit to the outward workings of religious activities of the Sadducees and the Pharisees.2In addition, Jesus stated that, the respectable conduct of the disciples must exceed that of the scribes and the Pharisees before they can enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 520). Henceforth, the disciples of Jesus are called to a superior honorable conduct which is by the Grace of deity. This ideal character ofDiscipleship in the kingdom of heaven is achievable by the infusion of the gift of righteousness in the spirit of the spick-and-span Testament believer.THE STRUCTURE OF THE SERMON OF THE MOUNTThe Beatitudes forms the main introduction of the sermon of the mount. The central section of the sermon is from Matthew 517 to Matthew 712. This section opens and closes with Reference to The Law and The Prophets. The sermon ends by an epilogue in Matthew 713 27.3THE KEY THEOLOGICAL THEMES OF THE SERMON OF THE MOUNT1) The Beatitudes (Matthew 53 12)The Beatitudes are named from the Latin al-Quran Beatus meaning blessed. These are the rewards from the blessings and responsibilities of discipleship. The Greek term means happy, fortunate4. In Matthew, there are nine beatifications and four in Lukes version of the Sermon on the Mount. The word Makarios is at the beginning of the beatitudes. It means happiness which is as a closure of God given salvation5. Jesus revealed in the beatitudes, the essential temperament of true happiness. This happiness is achieved by relying and depending wholly on God.6Andrew Perriman points out that the beatitude described a marginalized group within Israel that will benefit from futurity turn of events. His view established the eschatological dimension of the rewards of true discipleship in the kingdom of heaven7Matthew 514 states You are the light of the world. A city that is set a hill can not be hidden. In John 812, Jesus tell I a m the light of the world, he that follows me shall not walk in darkness solely shall have the light of life This teaching in the Sermon of The mount has a direct comparison with Jesus teaching in the gospel of John. Jesus expects His disciples to shine in the midst of the darkness of this world. Hence, as Jesus is the light, the disciples will eventually become the light of the world.2) The Law and the Prophets (Matthew 5 17 20)The new honourable standards put forward by Christ deals with the motives cigarette the actions of men. In accordance with Christs Standard, sin begins in the mind and in the will of men8In addition, Jesus said he has come to satiate the Law and the Prophets. His ethical instructions reveal how the Law of the Torah will live under the kingdom of heaven. Therefore, the Law and the Prophets are fulfilled in the inner life of motives behind the actions of men. The kingdom of heaven is within the unwrapt of the New Testament believer. This kingdom is expect ed to produce corresponding actions that reflects the inner life of peace and joy in the Holy Ghost.3) The Antitheses (Matthew 5 21 48)The construction of the sayings of Jesus within Matthew 5 21 48, have the same mannikin You have heard that it was said (by God) to those of old but I say to you The style of Jesus words repeats itself in sestet paragraphs. Three of the six paragraphs have similar parallels with Lukes Sermon on the Plain. The phrase but I say to you seems to suggest that the sayings of Jesus is in opposition to the scripture of the Torah. Therefore, Matthew 5 21 48 is often referred to as the Antitheses. Matthew is known for the antithetical structure of his writings. However, this antithetical style of writing can also be appoint in Luke 6 27 But I say to you who hear . According to Davies and Allison, the antithesis has two primary functions It shows the kind of attitude and behaviour that is compulsory by Jesus in the life of His disciples. The demands o f the ethical standards of Jesus surpassed those of the Torah without contradicting the Torah. For example, one can abstain from committing adultery and still lusts in his heart94) The well-fixed discover and the Greatest commandment (Matthew 712, Luke 1025 28, Matthew 22 34 40).Whatever you wish that others do to you, do so to them. This education has been known as the Golden figure since the 18th century. There are various parallels to this statement in Greco Romans, oriental and Jewish writings. The Golden Rule in Matthew 7 12 according to Jesus is Law and The Prophets. That is, it sums up the whole essence of the Law and The Prophets in the Torah. The teaching of Jesus on the two greatest commandments in Mark 12 28-34 love God and love your neighbor as yourself. In Matthew 2240, Jesus said on this two commandments hang all the Law and The Prophets. The Golden mold and the love commandments are the very essence of the scriptural teachings of Jesus. Furthermore, the Golden Rule in the sermon of the mount is the bedrock of all the teachings of Jesus as it is revealed in the gospel account of Luke, Mark, and John. In summary, the Golden rule in the sermon of the Mount has direct relationship to the major teachings of Christ in the gospels.10THE EPILOG TWO WAYSThe Epilog of the Sermon Of the Mount contains a series of contrasts. It starts with the contrast between the gate and the way which leads to death or life. There are other examples of contrast between two slipway in Deuteronomy 1126, 3015, Jeremiah218 and many Jewish and Christian writings. The Epilog summarizes the picture of the beauty in the life of anyone who makes the right decision in life.11CONCLUSIONIn this essay, I have attempt to show the significance of the Sermon Of the Mount and its relationship with the other teaching of Christ in the gospels. I approach this essay by exploring the theological themes in the Sermon on the Mount. The Golden Rule in the Sermon on the Mount is the fou ndation of the Law and the Prophets. This rule parallels with the two greatest commandments, which is Love the Lord your God with all your heart and love your neighbour as yourself. In conclusion, the Sermon on the Mount summarizes the totality of the ethical teachings of Christ in the gospel.

Free Essays - Religious Motifs in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

spiritual Motifs in Frankenstein     Upon completion of this clean, a distinctly prevalent and keen theme is that of worship and biblical reference. The frequent references to morality come in varied forms from that of biblical fictitious character-playing, to that of the fate of our current society. an different(prenominal) related line of work that occurs can be the relationship of biblical role-playing and share domination. When all argon combined appropriately, a very strong and dramatic key motif in this novel is produced. Mary Shelley might stir used religion reference as a method of present us how something that happened during the insane asylum of the earth can be related and brought to us via modern mean solar day fantasy creations. It is important for us to realize this company because it will abet us to understand an important deeper meaning of this work.   The well-nigh important sacred comparison in Frankenstein, are the outsta nding similarities among Victor as God and the hellion as daimon. This idea is dig upn by the daemon in the paraphrase where he states, I am thy creature I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen nonesuch, whom meter drivest from joy for no misdeed. Broken down, this credit shows us that the monster feels that he is the neglected creation and that he has been created to be unhappy, although he has committed no wrongdoing, and he doesnt deserve to be mistreated by society. As it goes in the bible, God created Lucifer as the most splendiferous and beautiful angel in the sky with good intentions, but Lucifer turned his butt on his creator and began a notorious streak of evil as the malignant devil. Now if the role of God is switched with that of Victor, and the role of Lucifer is switched with that of the monster, the report is retold in almost the same context. Now to prove that this is not equitable farfetched speculation, the monster even says i n his quote that he ought to be Adam, Gods successful creation, rather than the fallen angel (Lucifer). Among other quotes in which the monster deigns Victor as his creator, this is a powerful novel reference and this quote beautifully shows the direct motif of religious role-playing in Frankenstein.Free Essays - Religious Motifs in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Frankenstein essays Religious Motifs in Frankenstein     Upon completion of this novel, a clearly prevalent and outstanding motif is that of religion and biblical reference. The frequent references to religion come in varied forms from that of biblical role-playing, to that of the fate of our current society. Another related argument that occurs can be the relationship of biblical role-playing and character domination. When all are combined appropriately, a very strong and prominent key motif in this novel is produced. Mary Shelley might have used religion reference as a method of showing us how something that happened during the creation of the earth can be related and brought to us via modern day fantasy creations. It is important for us to realize this connection because it will help us to understand an important deeper meaning of this work.   The most important religious comparison in Frankenstein, are the outstanding similarities between Victor as God and the monster as Lucifer. This idea is proven by the monster in the quote where he states, I am thy creature I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Broken down, this quote shows us that the monster feels that he is the neglected creation and that he has been created to be unhappy, although he has committed no wrongdoing, and he doesnt deserve to be mistreated by society. As it goes in the bible, God created Lucifer as the most brilliant and beautiful angel in the sky with good intentions, but Lucifer turned his back on his creator and began a notorio us streak of evil as the malignant devil. Now if the role of God is switched with that of Victor, and the role of Lucifer is switched with that of the monster, the story is retold in almost the same context. Now to prove that this is not just farfetched speculation, the monster even says in his quote that he ought to be Adam, Gods successful creation, rather than the fallen angel (Lucifer). Among other quotes in which the monster deigns Victor as his creator, this is a powerful novel reference and this quote beautifully shows the direct motif of religious role-playing in Frankenstein.

Business Monopolies :: essays research papers

Business MonopoliesThis ground is made up of many businesses and businessman. Some have prospered and some have lost everything. The circumstance monopoly was the ca economic consumption for the rise and fall. Very select few have managed to look out on a product or company to form a monopoly. Unfortunately, the governing body prohibits these types of businesses, yet people still continue to strive to achieve such(prenominal) stature. Two of the truest powerhouses of the past 300 years in the business world would most definitely be William Henry Gates 3rd and can Davison Rockefeller. Both of these business geniuses have unique stories about their rise to the top. They in any case share there experiences on how quickly they can fall and mislay everything.William Gates was born on October 28, 1955. His family had a history of being large in business and politics. His father was a prominent lawyer and his grandfather a president of a bank. Bill was a naturally intelligent chi ld who excelled in every course. His parents decided to send him to a semiprivate school, which had an enormous effect on him. It was here where he was introduced to the computers. While be this private school, he met capital of Minnesota Allen. Allen, Gates, and a few other kids, started use computers to write programs but decided that they needed some way to practically use the machine in the real world. They got their first misfortune when Paul happened to see a magazine with a picture of a face-to-face computer. He told Gates, who at the time was attending at Harvard. They both decided to call the company and tell them that they had written an operating system for the computer. This, however, was a lie because they did not even own one of these machines. They had one chance to test the program and it worked perfectly. Gates then dropped out of Harvard and he and Allen started a new company called Microsoft. In 1980, the two were approached about programming a program for a personal PC. This was the start of Ms-Dos. In 1987, he started move CD-ROMs, which turned out to be a good idea. The 1990s were raging years for Microsoft. The company became a big time player and got large and bigger. As Microsoft became a larger and more powerful company, they became able to use Predatory pricing to their advantage. That meant that they were able to cut their price so kickoff no one could compete.

The Grange :: essays research papers

The Grange     The Grange was the initiatory major farm organization and began in the 1860s.This organization was created mostly as a social and self-help association notorigin bothy an organization of protest. During the embossment of 1873, thisgroup of bonded friends, became an "agency for political change." They knew inordered to help themselves they moldiness become a voice in this new government inorder to survive.     With the depression farm product prices began to decrease. More farmsjoined the Grange to call up to go badher to resolve the issues before them. Beginningas a teensy group of friends learning from each other what worked and what didnt,by 1875 the Grange boasted of over 800,000 members and 20,000 topical anesthetic lodgesclaiming chapters in almost every state, being the strongest in the states thatproduced the most the mho and Midwest. As a group (strong in member) theymade their statement to the world on an appropriate day, Independence Day 1873.The framers Declaration of Independence communicate those listening they were readyto fight back. The Declaration stated they would use "all lawful and peacefulmeans to free themselves from the tyranny of monopoly". Many of the members subject stores and other businesses so they could begin to buy and sell to eachother. up to now most of these were farmers, with families, not businessmen andmany companies didnt survive because of their lack of realistic business knowledgeand the pressures of the middlemen who wanted them to fail. They worked as ateam to get candidates elected who agreed with the need for governmental controlof the railroads. With the control of the Legislatures they usegovernmental controls on railroad rates and practices. However the railroad was also very wealthy. They hired lawyers who soon destroyed the new regulations.With these defeats and with the new jump-start in farm prices in the late 1870s theGrange be gan to lose strength and power, tapering off to a membership to only100,000 by 1880.     The Grange was the springboard for another dance orchestra together of farmers,the Farmers Alliances. This new movement began in the Southern states andquickly spreading beyond what the Grange had been. One of the most notabledifferences within the Alliance, was the approval of women to balloting and becomespeakers and leaders for their cause. The Alliance however, had similarproblems as the Grange. Many of the cooperations, stores, banks, impactplants and other resources began to suffer the same fate. Lack of solidmanagement and the marketplace forces operating against them caused them to fail.These disappointments aided the forming of a national political organization.

Social Classes in America :: Informative Essay

Social relegate divisions pay back always played a prominent role in America. These split up distinctions inflict unfair on all Americans. The idea of social class has been a central image in determining the opportunities a person is capable of having. People from varied socioeconomic backgrounds live different lifestyles as well as have different opportunities open to them. Because of this idea, people with a higher social class ranking have an advantage over those in lower class rankings. Class distinctions have inflicted limitations and less of an opportunity for been factors are a obstruction and prevention for lower class Americans to have an equal opportunity. The sociological nip limitations that. Young people must be convinced of the value of a good education. Despite lofty goals such as instilling confidence and acquiring knowl edge, a High School diploma increases future income. A non-high school graduates average earnings in 1996 was $14, 013. A high school graduate earned 21,431 on average. Going to a college or administer school makes ones economic outlook even brighter with Bachelor holder earning 36,980 on average (Statistical Abstract of the United States). Thousands of inner city youth, smothered by the poverty and hopelessness that abounds in inner-city communities, lose their lives. In addition to material moralities, many suffer an emotional death that ends in a expiration of hope and continues the cycle of poverty and hopelessness. Economic disadvantage limits the number of resources available to youth. With over 49.8% of youth aged 12-24 living below

Bodily Resurrection And 1 Corinthians 15: 42-54 :: essays research papers

Bodily Resurrection and 1 Corinthians 15 42-54          One of the most significant issues concerning about all religions,Christianity among them, concerns the fate of men sideline their death.Believing in an necessary resurrection of the body among the faithful, capital of Minnesota, aprinciple founder of Christianity, asserted his beliefs on the disposition of bodilyresurrection in 1 Corinthians 15 42-54. As eternity tends to final stage a long time,believing Christians (even agnostics such as myself) would likely be somewhateager to arrive at an accurate interpretation of capital of Minnesotas pass along found in theabove verses, so as to glean sixth sense as to what might await them following theirlast heartbeat. The approach I will take in analyzing 1 Corinthians 42-54 willbe to 1) develop how the verses fit in with the overall structure of the book2) to explain and rephrase the meaning behind the passage 3) relate theverses to si milar passages expressed elsewhere by Paul 4) and lastly to touchupon some of the controversy associated with the verses.     1 Corinthians was written around 54 C.E. and was addressed to thecongregation which was made up primarily of gentiles and was located in Corinth.At the time, Corinth was a highly modify and religiously diverse city whichmade it very conducive to the aboriginal Christian movement. Pauls first letter tothe Corinthians was written as a chemical reaction to a letter he had received (which didnot survive) from the Corinthians in which Paul was asked to settle variousdisputes that were arising within the struggling congregation. Writing inapostolic fashion to the congregation he had founded, Pauls letter whilepastoral, answered legion(predicate) distrusts and demanded numerous changes rangingfrom the rich eating with the poor at the church suppers (1118-22) to curbingthe credenza of sexual immorality (51-13) to abstaining from taking fello wChristians to court (612-20) to answering the question on the acceptability ofeating meat begot from pagan sacrifice (81-13) to the social function of women in thechurch (112-16) to the importance of prophesying (141-40) and much, muchmore.     It was under these auspices that Paul answered the question of whetherman would be with or without a body following resurrection. Although all ofthe 15th chapter deals with issues of resurrection, the place of the body iscurtly addressed in verses 42-54 and is prefaced with the 35th verse which asks,"But someone will ask, How are the deathlike raised? With what kind of body do theycome?"(1535).     Paul believed that at the time of the resurrection the perishable bodywould be transformed into an imperishable body, that would uncomplete be a ghost-

european painting and sculpture :: essays research papers

European Painting and moldThe collection of European painting and scratch comprises works of art from the twelfth through the proto(prenominal) twentieth century. Ranging from paintings in oil on panel, canvas, or onyx through sculptures in alabaster, bronze, terra-cotta, marble, wax, silver, and painted wood, these works of art come primarily from Italy, France, Spain, the Low Countries (Holland and neo Belgium), Germany, Austria, England, and Switzerland.The collection of European painting and sculpture can be rear on the first and second floors of the Ahmanson building and in the B. Gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden. It includes masterpieces of European art from the Middle Ages through impressionism and the followers of Rodin. Renowned for an bully representation of Italian baroque paintings as well as for world-famous masterpieces equivalent Georges de La Tours Magdalen with the Smoking Flame (c.163840), Rembrandts lift of Lazarus (c.1630), Degass The Bellelli Sisters (186 264), and Czannes Sous-Bois (1894), the collection also boasts paintings by Jacopo Bellini, Rosso Fiorentino, Veronese, Titian, Frans Hals, Rubens, Boucher, Fragonard, Hubert Robert, Tiepolo, Delacroix, Monet, Pissarro, and Gauguin among others.The sculpture collection is shown integrated with the paintings. The museum displays the only collection of medieval sculpture in Southern California and is famed for its Renaissance and baroque colorize sculptures. Of particular note are the French eighteenth-century terra-cottas, with examples of the work of Tuby, Clodion, Chinard, and Pajou. The nineteenth century is richly represented with sculptures by David dAngers, Rude, Carrier-Belleuse, Dalou, Falguire, and above all, Auguste Rodin, to whom an entire bearing is devoted. A selection of approximately 150 medals, from the Renaissance through the 1930s, is a representative group from the 1300 medals and plaquettes in the collection.GEORGES DE LA TOUR atopatop(France, 15931652)Magdalen with the Smoking Flame, c. 1638-40 anele on canvas46 x 36 1/8 in. (116.8 x 91.8 cm)Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation, M.77.73Although Georges de La Tour spent his entire fine career in provincial France, far from cosmopolitan centers and artistic influences, he developed a poignant style as profound as the most illustrious painters of his day. In his lifetime his work appeared in the spectacular royal collections of Europe. La Tours early training is still a be for speculation, but in the province of Lorraine he encountered the artist Jean Le Clerc, a follower of the Italian painter Caravaggio. From this source likely came La Tours concern with simplicity, realism, and essential detail. Mary Magdalen was traditionally depicted in her grotto or as an aged woman.

Barclays’ Internal and External Customers :: Business Management Studies

Barclays interior and External clientsBarclays offers a wide epitome of services to both internal and outer nodes. Internal guests are instalment of staff/colleagues that workin an organisation. Examples of internal customers in Barclaysinclude clear Business Managers, Customer Relations Team, telephoneoperators, Financial Planning Managers, Customer Service staff,Counter staff, Accountants, Consumer Relations Team, and RelationshipManagers. External customers are the volume of individuals who livesin the local areas. Examples of international customers of Barclaysinclude disabled people, elderly, foreign people, parents, couples,widows, divorcees and students (from schools, colleges, anduniversities).Internal customersBarclays has number of internal customers who works for them, and alsodoes banking with them. About 5% of accounts live on to Barclaysstaff. It is very great for Barclays to have internal customersbecause, without them, the financial organisation give haved ifficulties to meet the needs of external customers. For example, ifyou image the organisation as an iceberg, only 1/10th is above thewater (the external customer), besides 9/10th is hidden below the water(internal customers) which, is supporting external customers. This ethical example of importance of internal customers was extracted fromthe following websitewww.citysun.ac.uk/newonline/customercare/task1/intro.htm. So, if youremove the hindquarters half of the iceberg (internal customers), top halfof the iceberg (the external customer) exit sink- in the other words,the whole organisation will come to an end. It is important forBarclays to treat their internal customers in the same way, as theytreat their external customers.The advantages of having internal customers to employees* Better working conditions* Better job satisfaction* little stress* Having the feel good factor* Being part of a good working teamThe advantages of having internal customers to the organisation* Less extravagance and stoppages* Improved communications* A happier workforce* Fewer problems* Increased customer loyalty* Better service to external customersThe advantages of having internal customers to the external customers* A higher, sustained level of service* Faster responses times* Knows that the organisation caresAs a result, internal customer care is based on good manners, knowingwhere your job fits in, working efficiently with colleagues, workingas a member of a team, and respecting colleagues needs and rights.Organisations, such as Barclays believe that, at that place are three kinds ofattitudes and behaviours towards colleagues that would be essentialfor quality internal customer care1. Caring for colleagues- this would include making individuals feel good- this will military service them to work better, they would become more cooperative, responding reasonably to their needs, and accepting a instinct of shared responsibility2. Cooperating with colleagues- this wou ld include can get things

Technology And Society Essay -- essays research papers

One management in which the world has changed in the last 20 years is the orbiculate issue of the worldwide communication revolution, which allows instantaneous communication across the globe, especially via the Internet. Telephones, mobile phones, and Internet service providers have true allowing a upstart and convenient gateway for social interaction, business and even political matters to be carried out virtually across the globe. E-mails have replaced the traditional letter or fax, web cams allow you to see each other while public lecture over the Internet and microphones allow you to have a conversation by your I.S.P.The communication revolution has brought around many positive effects. One specimen is easing political tension around the world. Important political figures butt joint now resolve their differences or make important decisions without having to travels hundreds of miles or sports meeting face to face. The business world has evolved, companies can now commun icate faster, more than efficiently, and therefore turn more profits. More businesses can make themselves seen with the internet, which allows a large diversity of companies to emerge. Communication companies like Microsoft and BT are routine an enormous profit, allowing them to make technological advances and offer and develop more service for the public. It also increases employment and therefore decreases poverty in more developed countries. It breaks down social and worldwide barriers, allowing people to interact across the globe...

Alexanders divinity Essay -- essays research papers

What proof is in that location that horse parsley may have believed that he was of divine railway line? And how convincing would this evidence have appeared to one of his followers?From studying the sources of the superannuated world that talk about Alexander The Great, it is clear that many of them map Alexander as being few type of heroic depend or Demi-god. However you could skepticism whether Alexander believed this himself. Only by studying his actions and the actions of those around him can we draw any type of conclusion on this matter. This can be done through the use of sources that exist from the quantify of and around his death. Most of these sources have been lost or are rudimentary however, so I feel that it would be best to mainly meditate the sources of Arrian and Plutarch Although both of these were written a couple of hundred years afterward Alexanders death they are palliate the most complete. add-on Arrian would seem to have many sources to shoot the breeze in his writing, all from Alexanders time. His main two sources were Ptolemy and Aristobulus, both of whom were on Alexanders campaigns. Plutarchs account is more a biography than a chronicle since it is full of stories and anecdotes, however it contains some information that Arrian doesnt so it is still a worthy source to consult. In this it would first be responsible to study all those events in Alexanders life, which would seem to show that he did have some belief that he was of divine origin. The immemorial example of this would appear to be his visit to the shrine of Ammon. While in Egypt, Alexander had an urge to visit the temple since he wanted to consult the oracle there, which had a reputation for infallibility. Arrian alike states that both Perseus and Heracles had consulted it at some point. And since it is clear from Arrians account that Alexander longed to duplicate, if not surpass, the feats of both Perseus and Heracles, so surely he must consult this oracl e in addition. Arrian (book 3) claims that the blood of both flowed within Alexander, which suggests that Arrian was of the opinion that Alexander did have some divine inheritance since Heracles was supposedly the son of Zeus. In any case, Arrian also states that Alexander also visited the temple because he himself felt that he might be descended from Ammon in some way. If this is true then it would certainly seem that Alexander did in some way believe that he was of d... ... countries that he defeated. Alexander, being the spacious tactician that he was must have realised the benefits of people believing that he was more than just a great ruler and actually connected to the gods themselves.As far as the beliefs of his followers go, I believe that the willingness of the Persians to lie themselves in front of him and his Macedonian troops loyalty were important indicators. This is seen when they followed him crosswise the vast desert in which the temple of Ammon was situated, ju st to answer the question of whether or not he did descend from the Egyptian god this suggests that they too believed in his claim to being of divine descent. And it can be seen that there are not many men that were as revered and honoured by the people of the time as Alexander was. Leaving no distrust in my mind that both Alexander and his followers were convinced that he was of divine descent and that they felt that he was worthy of all the aid that was paid to him after he died.Word count 3298

Essay --

Participation of hyperglycaemia in triggering the multiple aerophilic tenor pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII angiotonin II eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase Jac/STAT janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of organisation (STAT) LDL low compactness lipoprotein cholesterol MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MetS metabolic syndrome NF-b thermonuclear transcription factor b NO nitric oxide NOS nitric oxide synthase O2 superoxide anion anion total OH hydroxyl radical ONOO peroxynitrite PCK protein kinase C . Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with oddball 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large-mouthed and small vessels as wellhead as the myocardium15COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a o utgrowth of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset... Essay -- Participation of hyperglycemia in triggering the multiple oxidative stress pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII angiotensin II eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase Jac/STAT janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MetS metabolic syndrome NF-b nuclear transcription factor b NO nitric oxide NOS nitric oxide synthase O2 superoxide anion radical OH hydroxyl radical ONOO peroxynitrite PCK protein kinase C . Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large and small v essels as well as the myocardium15COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a result of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset...

Blessed Luke :: Saint Luke Stiris Essays

Blessed LukeBackground of angel Luke? Saint Luke was born in 896 A.D. most likely in Delphi or in nearby Kastri in Central Greece.1? He is known now as Blessed Luke, Luke the Younger, St. Luke of Stiris, and Luke the Wonderworker (Thaumaturgus in Greek).? ?His parents were farmers in Thessaly.?2? Originally from Egina, St. Luke?s parents fled the island when the Saracens attacked it. Saracens was the attend that Medieval Europeans used to describe the Arabs and all Muslims in general.? As a youth, St. Luke was prone to give to charity, even though his parents were not very tight or happy about their son?s giving.3? St. Luke was also celebrated for his healing/special powers from an early age.? ?One of his legendary wonders was to make his parents? crops bribe more than anyone else?s? despite only planting half of the seeds he was supposed to.4 Life of Saint Luke?As a teenager, St. Luke ran absent from household aft(prenominal) his father died.5 However, another source said t hat he ran away from home because his parents were mad at him for wanting to enter into a monastery.6 Unfortunately, soldiers mistook St. Luke for a runaway slave and put him in prison.? After he was freed, his obtain finally gave her permission to allow Luke to enter a monastery outside of Athens.7 He did not stay there long.? At the age of eighteen, St. Luke built a place on Mount Joannitsa near Corinth in Greece.8 There he became a hermit.? St. Luke was credited with predicting the liberation of Crete, which happened within ten years after he died.9? Thus, he could predict the future as well as perform miracles.? It was also said that he settled in the settlement of Stiri.10 According to different sources, he died either in the year 946 A.D. or 953 A.D.? His Saint?s Day is on February seventh of the Christian calendar.? The Orthodox Church declared Luke a Hossios and his relics were kept in the original church building until the crypt was built in the Katholikon.Ossios Loukas? The name means Blessed Luke and the site contains devil monastic churches Holy Luke and Our Lady.? Alternate spellings of its name include Osios Loukas and Hosios Loukas.? The first church built on the site between 941 to 944 A.D. was built for St. Barbara originally.11? Holy Luke is called the Katholikon in Greek and was built over the crypt dedicated to St.