Social Science

SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORY ESSAY Most of the things we k instanter nigh human? s behaviour has come out because of the various noetic theories. We may question why on that point argon so numerous an(prenominal) opposite psychological perspectives, which wholeness is right and which unitary is wrong. Most Psychologists present tense would say that none of the theories argon correct. However, in the early days, the Psychologists would agree that on the whole the theories were the only truly scientific one. Psychology is a science sanctified to the study of our question and behaviour. There are different ways of intellect the human mind and behaviour, those ways are called perspectives.A perspective is basically a point of view or a way of considering how some things are linked together and their importance. Sigmund Freud kn avouch as the father of psychoanalysis was a famous physiologist, medical doctor and an influential thinker of the early twenties. Freud was the one who created a new method to understand the human personality. He had one of the virtually provocative minds of the last century. Freud was the one that improved the theory of psychodynamic psychology and the famous treatment known as psychoanalysis.Freud was one of the most brainy thinkers in the last century, he brought public attention by his ideas of we commonly are non apprised of the aspects of ourselves. He believed that what people are conscious of is symbolized in our minds, memories and feelings. Freud believed that the things we experienced in the past are cut off of our mind that he called the unconscious. However, we are non able to access the contents in our unconscious, they oft appear in our dreams. Freud described the unconscious mind has an iceberg lettuce where only a very small get out of it is accessible to awareness.The part of the unconscious that he believed it can be accessed very easily he named the pre-conscious. The importance of an early experien ce is evidently illustrated by Freuds instruction theory of psychosexual ontogeny. He described that each ramification of our emotional state concentrates on a part of the body that is relevant at that wooden leg. If the postulate of the idiosyncratic are achieved on that st board, the he or she was sterilize to go into the next grade. However, if the individual struggles to achieve that stage then he or she becomes stuck in this stage.Freud believed that these results are the ones that we carry through into the adulthood and it can maybe explain our behaviours later in sustenance. profane and Whitehouse (2010) The early stage of an individual is called the oral stage. The focus on this stage is on the mouth and activities like, sucking, debacle and biting. Freud believes that in that respect could be two reasons for fixation. If the infant was discouraged two early, It could manufacture the infant feels unsatisfied and the infant could become a negative, sarcastic pe rson.If, in the other(a)(a) hand, the infant was over-gratified, the infant could develop a gullible personality, easily trusting in others and with a tendency of swallow anything. The early stage lasts from birth to approximately 18 months. lead and Whitehouse (2010) If the infant gets through the stage with no problems, the next stage is called the anal stage, where the infant focuses on aspects to do with tin can training. If there is a fight amid the parents and the youngster during the potty training or if the child does non feel comfortable term potty training, they may rebel by retaining their faeces.This type of fixation is called anally retentive. The child is not given the opportunity to enjoy potty training so the child can become a very disorganised person. During the ages of quadruplet and five, the child passes through the phallic stage. Freud believed that this stage is associated with nervousness and guilt feelings slightly sex and fear of castration for ma les. If this stage is not passes successfully, this theory suggests that a boy could become homosexual and a girl could become a lesbian. Freud thought these were abnormal fixations but nowadays most people would not view them in the way Freud did.When the child reaches the age of five until the age of seven, the child gets into the latency stage where he or she focuses on the favorable environment and the development of friendships. The final psychosexual stage is the genital stage in which the puberty begins. Freud believed that the less fixated the individual has become during the earlier stages, the much easily this stage will be negotiated, resulting in the ability to crap strongest heterosexual relationships with an ability to be warm and loving as intimately as to receive love in a new, mature fashion.Overall, analytic thinking is normally used to cure depression and any type of mental illness. Psychologists also believed that their therapy would release repressed emotio ns, it would make the unconscious conscious. Functionalism is known as a sociological aspect that sees the familiarity working in peace of mind and harmony with each other, making an enormous contribution to the smooth data track of the confederation. The society works together using kind methods to control and process with deviant members of groups, to make sure the society functions smoothly.Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who helped in the development of functionalism and sociological aspects. He believed that society was a system made of coordinated inceptions and for that reason, the society would run smooth. He also believed that the main role of an institution was to socialise individuals and make sure they were able to understand the values of the society and behave in an acceptable way. Functionalism says that everything and everyone in the society serves a purpose, no matter how strange it may seem. For example, crime is viewed universally as trouble.Fu nctionalists, but says that crime serves several purposes. They believed that crime is needed for the employment of criminal investigators, legal philosophy officers and other people connect fields to work. If at any wink crime disappear from the planet, thousands of jobs related with crime would no longer be necessary. Stretch and Whitehouse (2010) Functionalism received some criticism for forgetting the negative aspects in events such(prenominal)(prenominal) as divorce. Critics also declare that the perspective of functionalism justifies the statues of quo and complacency on the part of society members.Functionalism does not persuade people to try to change their social environment, even if those changes could benefit them. Functionalism is also criticised for its lack of testability. Functionalism is described as the most generalized and unproductive of the sociological schools. It is not logically sync with variant between cultures and it does not explain the changes in the society. Marxism was first developed by a German Philosopher called Karl Marx. He considered that individual behaviour was shaped by society but he believed that the economic system defined society and people? place within it. Marx held the views that the industrial society of his time there were two social assortes The bourgeoisie or capitalist that were described as a small compelling group who owned all the computes, offices and the other places of employment and the Proletariat that were a much larger and poorer group that were industrious by the capitalists. Stretch and Whitehouse (2010) Marxs view was that those two social groups would endlessly get into conflict as the capitalists were the ones that owned the offices and they would want higher profits.In the other side the employees, the ones on the proletariat group, would ask for higher salaries. That is the reason that Marxism is unremarkably called the conflict model. Marx believed that those conflicts between the ca pitalists and the proletariat could cause a revolution. Feminism is practically seen as an example of a conflict model. Abbot and Claire Wallace (1990) were two women who argued close to the male domination in the society. They said the society did not requital enough attention to the issues of the women and their place in the society.There are three different types of feminism Marxism feminism, Radical feminism and Liberal feminism Marxism Feminists see women as a working-class. They believed that women meet the social, emotional and physical needs of their children and they are ready to work for their family and children on the future. Women know how to maintain their husbands or partners, they are straightforward at cooking meals and they take care of their children properly without being paid. Stretch and Whitehouse (2010) Radical feminism believes that it is not the capitalism or social life that dominates women, but men.They say that women are housewives and mothers. They believe there is not equation between the sexes and women are only needed to take care of the children and do house work Liberal Feminism agree that the changes happening now and the one that will probably happen in the future such as the changes of attitudes, equal pay and sex discrimination brought more compare between the two sexes. Marxism claims that the health problems people have are about related to the unhealthy and stressful work environments.Marx believed that health problems are not the result of individual weakness, but the unequal social structure and class disadvantages that are reproduced under capitalism. Marx believed that the patterns of mortality and illness are probably related to occupation, especially in the case of industrial working class. Marxism argues that medicine is not an independent discipline, but a sector of economic production which oppose to the political needs of the capitalist system as a whole. round Marxists argue that the NHS benefits the bourgeoisie by ensuring that their workers remain well enough to work.Most of those workers tacit their inequality but believed that the system was fair. Marxism discussed that the free health service was a victory for the proletariat, the working class, as the bourgeoisie used to get the crush care first. Marxism received some critics for not paying attention to the dynamics of the medical process, the experience of illness and the state of being a patient. food turner (1987) believed that the Marxist political economy of health needed to address how the miscellany of capitalist societies was related to medicine, health and illness.The knowledge of the medical practitioners plays a very important role in providing health care. However, the primary purpose is to consecrate the working classes and the popular masses. Navarro (1986) Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who focused on different types of suicides. Durkheim believed that there is not any society in which suicide d oes not exist. Durkheims theory of suicide adds a lot for the understanding of the phenomenon. However, he has laid too much stress on one factor which is suicide. He has undermined other factors.Durkheim believed that suicide is not something individual or private, it happens because of something powerful that stays over and above the individual. Durkheim viewed that all classes of deaths resulting directly or indirectly from the positive or negative acts of the victim itself who knows the result they produce. immediately loads of doctors and psychologists believe that the majority of people who commit suicide are in a pathological state. However Durkheim believed that people take their own life because of social reasons.Emile Durkheim categorized different types of suicides basing on the different relationships between the individual and the society. Egoistic Suicide is when an individual isolate himself from the society. The individual usually feels that there is no place for hi m or her in the society. In many cases the individual has lack of altruistic feelings. Altruistic suicide happens to people who are too close and intimidate to the society group. This type of suicide often results from the over incorporation of the individual into social proof.According to Durkheim Anomic suicide happens when there is a breakdown of social equilibrium. For example if someone is really liberal and goes bankrupt. Fatalistic suicide happens when there is an overregulation in the society. For example if a striver commits suicide, it is called a fatalistic suicide. Conclusion To conclude my essay is clear that Marx, Freud and Durkheim had a big impact in our society. I believe that without their theories our society would not be the way it is now. References Health and social care level 3, M. Stretch and M. Whitehouse, First published 2010